snap - Man Page

Abort a pending change

The abort command attempts to abort a change that still has pending tasks.

Usage: snap [Options] abort [abort-OPTIONS]

--last

Select last change of given type (install, refresh, remove, try, auto-refresh, etc.). A question mark at the end of the type means to do nothing (instead of returning an error) if no change of the given type is found. Note the question mark could need protecting from the shell.

Add an assertion to the system

The ack command tries to add an assertion to the system assertion database.

The assertion may also be a newer revision of a pre-existing assertion that it will replace.

To succeed the assertion must be valid, its signature verified with a known public key and the assertion consistent with and its prerequisite in the database.

Set up a manual alias

The alias command aliases the given snap application to the given alias.

Once this manual alias is setup the respective application command can be invoked just using the alias.

Usage: snap [Options] alias [alias-OPTIONS]

--no-wait

Do not wait for the operation to finish but just print the change id.

List aliases in the system

The aliases command lists all aliases available in the system and their status.

$ snap aliases <snap>

Lists only the aliases defined by the specified snap.

List system changes

The changes command displays a summary of system changes performed recently.

Usage: snap [Options] changes [changes-OPTIONS]

--abs-time

Display absolute times (in RFC 3339 format). Otherwise, display relative times up to 60 days, then YYYY-MM-DD.

Check a snapshot

The check-snapshot command verifies the user, system and configuration data of the snaps included in the specified snapshot.

The check operation runs the same data integrity verification that is performed when a snapshot is restored.

By default, this command checks all the data in a snapshot. Alternatively, you can specify the data of which snaps to check, or for which users, or a combination of these.

If a snap is included in a check-snapshot operation, excluding its system and configuration data from the check is not currently possible. This restriction may be lifted in the future.

Usage: snap [Options] check-snapshot [check-snapshot-OPTIONS]

--no-wait

Do not wait for the operation to finish but just print the change id.

--users

Check data of only specific users (comma-separated) (default: all users)

Connect a plug to a slot

The connect command connects a plug to a slot. It may be called in the following ways:

$ snap connect <snap>:<plug> <snap>:<slot>

Connects the provided plug to the given slot.

$ snap connect <snap>:<plug> <snap>

Connects the specific plug to the only slot in the provided snap that matches the connected interface. If more than one potential slot exists, the command fails.

$ snap connect <snap>:<plug>

Connects the provided plug to the slot in the core snap with a name matching the plug name.

Usage: snap [Options] connect [connect-OPTIONS]

--no-wait

Do not wait for the operation to finish but just print the change id.

List interface connections

The connections command lists connections between plugs and slots in the system.

Unless <snap> is provided, the listing is for connected plugs and slots for all snaps in the system. In this mode, pass --all to also list unconnected plugs and slots.

$ snap connections <snap>

Lists connected and unconnected plugs and slots for the specified snap.

Usage: snap [Options] connections [connections-OPTIONS]

--all

Show connected and unconnected plugs and slots

Create cohort keys for a set of snaps

The create-cohort command creates a set of cohort keys for a given set of snaps.

A cohort is a view or snapshot of a snap's "channel map" at a given point in time that fixes the set of revisions for the snap given other constraints (e.g. channel or architecture). The cohort is then identified by an opaque per-snap key that works across systems. Installations or refreshes of the snap using a given cohort key would use a fixed revision for up to 90 days, after which a new set of revisions would be fixed under that same cohort key and a new 90 days window started.

Run debug commands

The debug command contains a selection of additional sub-commands.

Debug commands can be removed without notice and may not work on non-development systems.

Execute raw query to snapd API

Execute a raw query to snapd API. Complex input can be read from stdin, while output is printed to stdout. See examples below:

List all snaps: $ snap debug api /v2/snaps

Find snaps with name foo: $ snap debug api '/v2/find?name=foo'

Request refresh of snap 'some-snap': $ echo '{"action": "refresh"}' | snap debug api -X POST \
     -H 'Content-Type: application/json' /v2/snaps/some-snap

Usage: snap [Options] debug api [api-OPTIONS]

-H,  --header

Set header (can be repeated multiple times), header kind and value are separated with ': '

-X,  --request

HTTP method to use (defaults to GET)

--fail

Fail on request errors

Print the confinement mode the system operates in

The confinement command will print the confinement mode (strict, partial or none) the system operates in.

Check network connectivity status

The connectivity command checks the network connectivity of snapd.

Migrate snaps' directory to ~/Snap.

Migrate snaps' directory to ~/Snap.

Usage: snap [Options] debug migrate-home [migrate-home-OPTIONS]

--no-wait

Print system paths

The paths command prints the list of paths detected and used by snapd.

Print sandbox features available on the system

The sandbox command prints tags describing features of individual sandbox components used by snapd on a given system.

Usage: snap [Options] debug sandbox-features [sandbox-features-OPTIONS]

--required

Ensure that given backend:feature is available

Obtain stacktraces of all snapd goroutines

Obtain stacktraces of all snapd goroutines.

Inspect a snapd state file.

Inspect a snapd state file, bypassing snapd API.

Usage: snap [Options] debug state [state-OPTIONS]

--abs-time

Display absolute times (in RFC 3339 format). Otherwise, display relative times up to 60 days, then YYYY-MM-DD.

--changes

List all changes

--task

ID of the task to inspect

--change

ID of the change to inspect

--check

Check change consistency

--connections

List all connections

--connection

Show details of the matching connections (snap or snap:plug,snap:slot or snap:plug-or-slot

--is-seeded

Output seeding status (true or false)

--dot

Dot (graphviz) output

--no-hold

Omit tasks in 'Hold' state in the change output

Get the timings of the tasks of a change

The timings command displays details about the time each task runs.

Usage: snap [Options] debug timings [timings-OPTIONS]

--last

Select last change of given type (install, refresh, remove, try, auto-refresh, etc.). A question mark at the end of the type means to do nothing (instead of returning an error) if no change of the given type is found. Note the question mark could need protecting from the shell.

--ensure

Show timings for a change related to the given Ensure activity (one of: auto-refresh, become-operational, refresh-catalogs, refresh-hints, seed)

--all

Show timings for all executions of the given Ensure or startup activity, not just the latest

--startup

Show timings for the startup of given subsystem (one of: load-state, ifacemgr)

--verbose

Show more information

Disable a snap in the system

The disable command disables a snap. The binaries and services of the snap will no longer be available, but all the data is still available and the snap can easily be enabled again.

Usage: snap [Options] disable [disable-OPTIONS]

--no-wait

Do not wait for the operation to finish but just print the change id.

Disconnect a plug from a slot

The disconnect command disconnects a plug from a slot. It may be called in the following ways:

$ snap disconnect <snap>:<plug> <snap>:<slot>

Disconnects the specific plug from the specific slot.

$ snap disconnect <snap>:<slot or plug>

Disconnects everything from the provided plug or slot. The snap name may be omitted for the core snap.

When an automatic connection is manually disconnected, its disconnected state is retained after a snap refresh. The --forget flag can be added to the disconnect command to reset this behaviour, and consequently re-enable an automatic reconnection after a snap refresh.

Usage: snap [Options] disconnect [disconnect-OPTIONS]

--no-wait

Do not wait for the operation to finish but just print the change id.

--forget

Forget remembered state about the given connection.

Download the given snap

The download command downloads the given snap and its supporting assertions to the current directory with .snap and .assert file extensions, respectively.

Usage: snap [Options] download [download-OPTIONS]

--channel

Use this channel instead of stable

--edge

Install from the edge channel

--beta

Install from the beta channel

--candidate

Install from the candidate channel

--stable

Install from the stable channel

--revision

Download the given revision of a snap

--basename

Use this basename for the snap and assertion files (defaults to <snap>_<revision>)

--target-directory

Download to this directory (defaults to the current directory)

--cohort

Download from the given cohort

Enable a snap in the system

The enable command enables a snap that was previously disabled.

Usage: snap [Options] enable [enable-OPTIONS]

--no-wait

Do not wait for the operation to finish but just print the change id.

Export a snapshot

Export a snapshot to the given filename.

Find packages to install

The find command queries the store for available packages.

With the --private flag, which requires the user to be logged-in to the store (see 'snap help login'), it instead searches for private snaps that the user has developer access to, either directly or through the store's collaboration feature.

A green check mark (given color and unicode support) after a publisher name indicates that the publisher has been verified.

Usage: snap [Options] find [find-OPTIONS]

Aliases: search

--private

Search private snaps.

--narrow

Only search for snaps in “stable”.

--section [="show-all-sections-please"] <default: "no-section-specified">

Restrict the search to a given section.

--color <default: "auto">

Use a little bit of color to highlight some things.

--unicode <default: "auto">

Use a little bit of Unicode to improve legibility.

Delete a snapshot

The forget command deletes a snapshot. This operation can not be undone.

A snapshot contains archives for the user, system and configuration data of each snap included in the snapshot.

By default, this command forgets all the data in a snapshot. Alternatively, you can specify the data of which snaps to forget.

Usage: snap [Options] forget [forget-OPTIONS]

--no-wait

Do not wait for the operation to finish but just print the change id.

Print configuration options

The get command prints configuration options for the provided snap.

   $ snap get snap-name username
   frank

If multiple option names are provided, the corresponding values are returned:

   $ snap get snap-name username password
   Key       Value
   username  frank
   password  ...

Nested values may be retrieved via a dotted path:

   $ snap get snap-name author.name
   frank

Usage: snap [Options] get [get-OPTIONS]

-t

Strict typing with nulls and quoted strings

-d

Always return document, even with single key

-l

Always return list, even with single key

Show help about a command

The help command displays information about snap commands.

Usage: snap [Options] help [help-OPTIONS]

--all

Show a short summary of all commands

Import a snapshot

Import an exported snapshot set to the system. The snapshot is imported with a new snapshot ID and can be restored using the restore command.

Usage: snap [Options] import-snapshot [import-snapshot-OPTIONS]

--abs-time

Show detailed information about snaps

The info command shows detailed information about snaps.

The snaps can be specified by name or by path; names are looked for both in the store and in the installed snaps; paths can refer to a .snap file, or to a directory that contains an unpacked snap suitable for 'snap try' (an example of this would be the 'prime' directory snapcraft produces).

Usage: snap [Options] info [info-OPTIONS]

--color <default: "auto">

Use a little bit of color to highlight some things.

--unicode <default: "auto">

Use a little bit of Unicode to improve legibility.

--abs-time

Display absolute times (in RFC 3339 format). Otherwise, display relative times up to 60 days, then YYYY-MM-DD.

--verbose

Include more details on the snap (expanded notes, base, etc.)

Install snaps on the system

The install command installs the named snaps on the system.

To install multiple instances of the same snap, append an underscore and a unique identifier (for each instance) to a snap's name.

Parallel instances are installed with --unaliased passed implicitly to avoid conflicts with existing installs. This behaviour can be altered by passing --prefer which will enable all aliases of the given snap in preference to conflicting aliases of other snaps whose automatic aliases will be disabled and manual aliases will be removed.

With no further options, the snaps are installed tracking the stable channel, with strict security confinement. All available channels of a snap are listed in its 'snap info' output.

When --revision is used, a later refresh will typically undo the revision override, taking the snap back to the current revision of the channel it's tracking.

Use --name to set the instance name when installing from snap file.

Usage: snap [Options] install [install-OPTIONS]

--color <default: "auto">

Use a little bit of color to highlight some things.

--unicode <default: "auto">

Use a little bit of Unicode to improve legibility.

--no-wait

Do not wait for the operation to finish but just print the change id.

--channel

Use this channel instead of stable

--edge

Install from the edge channel

--beta

Install from the beta channel

--candidate

Install from the candidate channel

--stable

Install from the stable channel

--devmode

Put snap in development mode and disable security confinement

--jailmode

Put snap in enforced confinement mode

--classic

Put snap in classic mode and disable security confinement

--revision

Install the given revision of a snap

--dangerous

Install the given snap file even if there are no pre-acknowledged signatures for it, meaning it was not verified and could be dangerous (--devmode implies this)

--unaliased

Install the given snap without enabling its automatic aliases

--prefer

Enable all aliases of the given snap in preference to conflicting aliases of other snaps

--name

Install the snap file under the given instance name

--cohort

Install the snap in the given cohort

--ignore-validation

Ignore validation by other snaps blocking the installation

--transaction <default: "per-snap">

Have one transaction per-snap or one for all the specified snaps

--quota-group

Add the snap to a quota group on install

Show details of snap interfaces

The interface command shows details of snap interfaces.

If no interface name is provided, a list of interface names with at least one connection is shown, or a list of all interfaces if --all is provided.

Usage: snap [Options] interface [interface-OPTIONS]

--attrs

Show interface attributes

--all

Include unused interfaces

Show known assertions of the provided type

The known command shows known assertions of the provided type. If header=value pairs are provided after the assertion type, the assertions shown must also have the specified headers matching the provided values.

Usage: snap [Options] known [known-OPTIONS]

--remote

Query the store for the assertion, via snapd if possible

--direct

Query the store for the assertion, without attempting to go via snapd

List installed snaps

The list command displays a summary of snaps installed in the current system.

A green check mark (given color and unicode support) after a publisher name indicates that the publisher has been verified.

Usage: snap [Options] list [list-OPTIONS]

--all

Show all revisions

--color <default: "auto">

Use a little bit of color to highlight some things.

--unicode <default: "auto">

Use a little bit of Unicode to improve legibility.

Authenticate to snapd and the store

The login command authenticates the user to snapd and the snap store, and saves credentials into the ~/.snap/auth.json file. Further communication with snapd will then be made using those credentials.

It's not necessary to log in to interact with snapd. Doing so, however, enables interactions without sudo, as well as some some developer-oriented features as detailed in the help for the find, install and refresh commands.

An account can be set up at https://login.ubuntu.com

Log out of snapd and the store

The logout command logs the current user out of snapd and the store.

Retrieve logs for services

The logs command fetches logs of the given services and displays them in chronological order.

Usage: snap [Options] logs [logs-OPTIONS]

--abs-time

Display absolute times (in RFC 3339 format). Otherwise, display relative times up to 60 days, then YYYY-MM-DD.

-n <default: "10">

Show only the given number of lines, or 'all'.

-f

Wait for new lines and print them as they come in.

Get the active model for this device

The model command returns the active model assertion information for this device.

By default, only the essential model identification information is included in the output, but this can be expanded to include all of an assertion's non-meta headers.

The verbose output is presented in a structured, yaml-like format.

Similarly, the active serial assertion can be used for the output instead of the model assertion.

Usage: snap [Options] model [model-OPTIONS]

--abs-time

Display absolute times (in RFC 3339 format). Otherwise, display relative times up to 60 days, then YYYY-MM-DD.

--color <default: "auto">

Use a little bit of color to highlight some things.

--unicode <default: "auto">

Use a little bit of Unicode to improve legibility.

--serial

Print the serial assertion instead of the model assertion.

--verbose

Print all specific assertion fields.

--assertion

Print the raw assertion.

Acknowledge warnings

The okay command acknowledges the warnings listed with 'snap warnings'.

Once acknowledged a warning won't appear again unless it re-occurrs and sufficient time has passed.

Pack the given directory as a snap

The pack command packs the given snap-dir as a snap and writes the result to target-dir. If target-dir is omitted, the result is written to current directory. If both source-dir and target-dir are omitted, the pack command packs the current directory.

The default file name for a snap can be derived entirely from its snap.yaml, but in some situations it's simpler for a script to feed the filename in. In those cases, --filename can be given to override the default. If this filename is not absolute it will be taken as relative to target-dir.

When used with --check-skeleton, pack only checks whether snap-dir contains valid snap metadata and raises an error otherwise. Application commands listed in snap metadata file, but appearing with incorrect permission bits result in an error. Commands that are missing from snap-dir are listed in diagnostic messages.

Usage: snap [Options] pack [pack-OPTIONS]

--check-skeleton

Validate snap-dir metadata only

--filename

Output to this filename

--compression

Compression to use (e.g. xz or lzo)

Enable aliases from a snap, disabling any conflicting aliases

The prefer command enables all aliases of the given snap in preference to conflicting aliases of other snaps whose aliases will be disabled (or removed, for manual ones).

Usage: snap [Options] prefer [prefer-OPTIONS]

--no-wait

Do not wait for the operation to finish but just print the change id.

Prepare a device image

The prepare-image command performs some of the steps necessary for creating device images.

For core images it is not invoked directly but usually via ubuntu-image.

For preparing classic images it supports a --classic mode

Usage: snap [Options] prepare-image [prepare-image-OPTIONS]

--classic

Enable classic mode to prepare a classic model image

--preseed

Preseed (UC20+ only)

--preseed-sign-key

Name of the key to use to sign preseed assertion, otherwise use the default key

--apparmor-features-dir

Optional path to apparmor kernel features directory (UC20+ only)

--sysfs-overlay

Optional sysfs overlay to be used when running preseeding steps

--arch

Specify an architecture for snaps for --classic when the model does not

--channel

The channel to use

--snap <snap>[=<channel>]

Include the given snap from the store or a local file and/or specify the channel to track for the given snap

--comp <snap>+<comp>

Include the given component from the store or a local file

--revisions

Specify a seeds.manifest file referencing the exact revisions of the provided snaps which should be installed

--write-revisions [="./seed.manifest"]

Writes a manifest file containing references to the exact snap revisions used for the image. A path for the manifest is optional.

Show quota group for a set of snaps

The quota command shows information about a quota group, including the set of  snaps and any sub-groups it contains, as well as its resource constraints and  the current usage of those constrained resources.

Show quota groups

The quotas command shows all quota groups.

Reboot into selected system and mode

The reboot command reboots the system into a particular mode of the selected recovery system.

When called without a system label and without a mode it will just trigger a regular reboot.

When called without a label, the current system will be used for "run" mode. The default recovery system will be used for "recover", "factory-reset" and "install" modes.

Note that the "run" mode is only available for the current system.

Usage: snap [Options] reboot [reboot-OPTIONS]

--run

Boot into run mode

--install

Boot into install mode

--recover

Boot into recover mode

--factory-reset

Boot into factory-reset mode

List available recovery systems

The recovery command lists the available recovery systems.

With --show-keys it displays recovery keys that can be used to unlock the encrypted partitions if the device-specific automatic unlocking does not work.

Usage: snap [Options] recovery [recovery-OPTIONS]

--color <default: "auto">

Use a little bit of color to highlight some things.

--unicode <default: "auto">

Use a little bit of Unicode to improve legibility.

--show-keys

Show recovery keys (if available) to unlock encrypted partitions.

Refresh snaps in the system

The refresh command updates the specified snaps, or all snaps in the system if none are specified.

With no further options, the snaps are refreshed to the current revision of the channel they're tracking, preserving their confinement options. All available channels of a snap are listed in its 'snap info' output.

When --revision is used, a later refresh will typically undo the revision override.

Hold (--hold) is used to postpone snap refresh updates for all snaps when no snaps are specified, or for the specified snaps.

When no snaps are specified --hold is only effective on auto-refreshes and will not block either general refresh requests from 'snap refresh' or specific snap requests from 'snap refresh target-snap'.

When snaps are specified --hold is effective on both their auto-refreshes and general refresh requests from 'snap refresh'. However, specific snap requests from 'snap refresh target-snap' remain unblocked and will proceed.

Usage: snap [Options] refresh [refresh-OPTIONS]

--color <default: "auto">

Use a little bit of color to highlight some things.

--unicode <default: "auto">

Use a little bit of Unicode to improve legibility.

--abs-time

Display absolute times (in RFC 3339 format). Otherwise, display relative times up to 60 days, then YYYY-MM-DD.

--no-wait

Do not wait for the operation to finish but just print the change id.

--channel

Use this channel instead of stable

--edge

Install from the edge channel

--beta

Install from the beta channel

--candidate

Install from the candidate channel

--stable

Install from the stable channel

--devmode

Put snap in development mode and disable security confinement

--jailmode

Put snap in enforced confinement mode

--classic

Put snap in classic mode and disable security confinement

--amend

Allow refresh attempt on snap unknown to the store

--revision

Refresh to the given revision

--cohort

Refresh the snap into the given cohort

--leave-cohort

Refresh the snap out of its cohort

--list

Show the new versions of snaps that would be updated with the next refresh

--time

Show auto refresh information but do not perform a refresh

--ignore-validation

Ignore validation by other snaps blocking the refresh

--transaction <default: "per-snap">

Have one transaction per-snap or one for all the specified snaps

--hold [="forever"]

Hold refreshes for a specified duration (or forever, if no value is specified)

--unhold

Remove refresh hold

Remodel this device

The remodel command changes the model assertion of the device, either to a new revision or a full new model.

In the process it applies any implied changes to the device: new required snaps, new kernel or gadget etc.

Snaps and assertions are downloaded from the store unless they are provided as local files specified by --snap and --assertion options. If using these options, it is expected that all the needed snaps and assertions are provided locally, otherwise the remodel will fail.

Usage: snap [Options] remodel [remodel-OPTIONS]

--no-wait

Do not wait for the operation to finish but just print the change id.

--snap

Use one or more locally available snaps.

--assertion

Use one or more locally available assertion files.

--offline

Use only pre-installed and locally provided snaps and assertions. Providing any snaps or assertions locally implies --offline.

Remove snaps from the system

The remove command removes the named snap instance from the system.

By default all the snap revisions are removed, including their data and the common data directory. When a --revision option is passed only the specified revision is removed.

Unless automatic snapshots are disabled, a snapshot of all data for the snap is  saved upon removal, which is then available for future restoration with snap restore. The --purge option disables automatically creating snapshots.

Usage: snap [Options] remove [remove-OPTIONS]

--no-wait

Do not wait for the operation to finish but just print the change id.

--revision

Remove only the given revision

--purge

Remove the snap without saving a snapshot of its data

Remove quota group

The remove-quota command removes the given quota group.

Currently, only quota groups with no sub-groups can be removed. In order to  remove a quota group with sub-groups, the sub-groups must first be removed until there are no sub-groups for the group, then the group itself can be removed.

Usage: snap [Options] remove-quota [remove-quota-OPTIONS]

--no-wait

Restart services

The restart command restarts the given services.

If the --reload option is given, for each service whose app has a reload command, a reload is performed instead of a restart.

Usage: snap [Options] restart [restart-OPTIONS]

--no-wait

Do not wait for the operation to finish but just print the change id.

--system

The operation should only affect system services.

--user

The operation should only affect user services for the current user.

--users

If provided and set to 'all', the operation should affect services for all users.

--reload

If the service has a reload command, use it instead of restarting.

Restore a snapshot

The restore command replaces the current user, system and configuration data of included snaps, with the corresponding data from the specified snapshot.

By default, this command restores all the data in a snapshot. Alternatively, you can specify the data of which snaps to restore, or for which users, or a combination of these.

If a snap is included in a restore operation, excluding its system and configuration data from the restore is not currently possible. This restriction may be lifted in the future.

Usage: snap [Options] restore [restore-OPTIONS]

--no-wait

Do not wait for the operation to finish but just print the change id.

--users

Restore data of only specific users (comma-separated) (default: all users)

Reverts the given snap to the previous state

The revert command reverts the given snap to its state before the latest refresh. This will reactivate the previous snap revision, and will use the original data that was associated with that revision, discarding any data changes that were done by the latest revision. As an exception, data which the snap explicitly chooses to share across revisions is not touched by the revert process.

Usage: snap [Options] revert [revert-OPTIONS]

--no-wait

Do not wait for the operation to finish but just print the change id.

--devmode

Put snap in development mode and disable security confinement

--jailmode

Put snap in enforced confinement mode

--classic

Put snap in classic mode and disable security confinement

--revision

Revert to the given revision

Run the given snap command

The run command executes the given snap command with the right confinement and environment.

Usage: snap [Options] run [run-OPTIONS] <NAME-OF-SNAP>.<NAME-OF-APP> [<SNAP-APP-ARG>...]

--shell

Run a shell instead of the command (useful for debugging)

--debug-log

Enable debug logging during early snap startup phases

--strace [="with-strace"] <default: "no-strace">

Run the command under strace (useful for debugging). Extra strace options can be specified as well here. Pass --raw to strace early snap helpers.

--gdbserver [=":0"] <default: "no-gdbserver">

Run the command with gdbserver

--trace-exec

Display exec calls timing data

Save a snapshot of the current data

The save command creates a snapshot of the current user, system and configuration data for the given snaps.

By default, this command saves the data of all snaps for all users. Alternatively, you can specify the data of which snaps to save, or for which users, or a combination of these.

If a snap is included in a save operation, excluding its system and configuration data from the snapshot is not currently possible. This restriction may be lifted in the future.

Usage: snap [Options] save [save-OPTIONS]

--no-wait

Do not wait for the operation to finish but just print the change id.

--abs-time

Display absolute times (in RFC 3339 format). Otherwise, display short relative times.

--users

Snapshot data of only specific users (comma-separated) (default: all users)

List currently stored snapshots

The saved command displays a list of snapshots that have been created previously with the 'save' command.

Usage: snap [Options] saved [saved-OPTIONS]

--abs-time

Display absolute times (in RFC 3339 format). Otherwise, display short relative times.

--id

Show only a specific snapshot.

Query the status of services

The services command lists information about the services specified, or about the services in all currently installed snaps.

If executed as root user, the 'Startup' column of any user service will be whether it's globally enabled (i.e systemctl is-enabled). To view the actual 'Startup'|'Current' status of the user services for the root user itself, --user can be provided.

If executed as a non-root user, the 'Startup'|'Current' status of user services  will be the current status for the invoking user. To view the global enablement status of user services, --global can be provided.

Usage: snap [Options] services [services-OPTIONS]

-g,  --global

Show the global enable status for user services instead of the status for the current user.

-u,  --user

Show the current status of the user services instead of the global enable status.

Change configuration options

The set command changes the provided configuration options as requested.

   $ snap set snap-name username=frank password=$PASSWORD

All configuration changes are persisted at once, and only after the snap's configuration hook returns successfully.

Nested values may be modified via a dotted path:

   $ snap set snap-name author.name=frank

Configuration option may be unset with exclamation mark:
   $ snap set snap-name author!

Usage: snap [Options] set [set-OPTIONS]

--no-wait

Do not wait for the operation to finish but just print the change id.

-t

Parse the value strictly as JSON document

-s

Parse the value as a string

Create or update a quota group.

The set-quota command updates or creates a quota group with the specified set of snaps.

A quota group sets resource limits on the set of snaps or snap services it contains. Snaps can be at most in one quota group but quota groups can be nested. Nested quota  groups are subject to the restriction that the total sum of each existing quota in sub-groups cannot exceed that of the parent group the nested groups are part of.

All provided snaps are appended to the group; to remove a snap from a quota group, the entire group must be removed with remove-quota and recreated  without the snap. To remove a sub-group from the quota group, the  sub-group must be removed directly with the remove-quota command.

To set limits on individual services, one or more services can be placed into a sub-group. The respective snap for each service must belong to the sub-group's parent group. These sub-groups will have the same limitations as nested groups which means their combined resource usage cannot exceed the resource limits set  for the parent group. Sub-groups which contain services cannot have their own journal quotas set, and instead automatically inherit any journal quota their parent quota group may have.

The memory limit for a quota group can be increased but not decreased. To decrease the memory limit for a quota group, the entire group must be removed with the remove-quota command and recreated with a lower limit. Increasing the memory limit for a quota group does not restart any services associated with  snaps in the quota group.

The CPU limit for a quota group can be both increased and decreased after being set on a quota group. The CPU limit can be specified as a single percentage which means that the quota group is allowed an overall percentage of the CPU resources. Setting it to 50% means that the quota group is allowed to use up to 50% of all CPU cores in the allowed CPU set. Setting the percentage to 2x100% means that the quota group  is allowed up to 100% on two cpu cores.

The CPU set limit for a quota group can be modified to include new cpus, or to remove existing cpus from the quota already set.

The threads limit for a quota group can be increased but not decreased. To decrease the threads limit for a quota group, the entire group must be removed with the remove-quota command and recreated with a lower limit.

The journal limits can be increased and decreased after being set on a group. Setting a journal limit will cause the snaps in the group to be put into the same journal namespace. This will affect the behaviour of the log command.

New quotas can be set on existing quota groups, but existing quotas cannot be removed from a quota group, without removing and recreating the entire group.

Adding new snaps to a quota group will result in all non-disabled services in  that snap being restarted.

An existing sub group cannot be moved from one parent to another.

Usage: snap [Options] set-quota [set-quota-OPTIONS]

--no-wait

Do not wait for the operation to finish but just print the change id.

--memory [=]

Memory quota

--cpu [=]

CPU quota

--cpu-set [=]

CPU set quota

--threads [=]

Threads quota

--journal-size [=]

Journal size quota

--journal-rate-limit [=]

Journal rate limit as <message count>/<message period>

--parent [=]

Parent quota group

Start services

The start command starts, and optionally enables, the given services.

Usage: snap [Options] start [start-OPTIONS]

--no-wait

Do not wait for the operation to finish but just print the change id.

--system

The operation should only affect system services.

--user

The operation should only affect user services for the current user.

--users

If provided and set to 'all', the operation should affect services for all users.

--enable

As well as starting the service now, arrange for it to be started on boot.

Stop services

The stop command stops, and optionally disables, the given services.

Usage: snap [Options] stop [stop-OPTIONS]

--no-wait

Do not wait for the operation to finish but just print the change id.

--system

The operation should only affect system services.

--user

The operation should only affect user services for the current user.

--users

If provided and set to 'all', the operation should affect services for all users.

--disable

As well as stopping the service now, arrange for it to no longer be started on boot.

Switches snap to a different channel

The switch command switches the given snap to a different channel without doing a refresh. All available channels of a snap are listed in its 'snap info' output.

Usage: snap [Options] switch [switch-OPTIONS]

--no-wait

Do not wait for the operation to finish but just print the change id.

--channel

Use this channel instead of stable

--edge

Install from the edge channel

--beta

Install from the beta channel

--candidate

Install from the candidate channel

--stable

Install from the stable channel

--cohort

Switch the snap into the given cohort

--leave-cohort

Switch the snap out of its cohort

List a change's tasks

The tasks command displays a summary of tasks associated with an individual change.

Usage: snap [Options] tasks [tasks-OPTIONS]

Aliases: change

--abs-time

Display absolute times (in RFC 3339 format). Otherwise, display relative times up to 60 days, then YYYY-MM-DD.

--last

Select last change of given type (install, refresh, remove, try, auto-refresh, etc.). A question mark at the end of the type means to do nothing (instead of returning an error) if no change of the given type is found. Note the question mark could need protecting from the shell.

Test an unpacked snap in the system

The try command installs an unpacked snap into the system for testing purposes. The unpacked snap content continues to be used even after installation, so non-metadata changes there go live instantly. Metadata changes such as those performed in snap.yaml will require reinstallation to go live.

If snap-dir argument is omitted, the try command will attempt to infer it if either snapcraft.yaml file and prime directory or meta/snap.yaml file can be found relative to current working directory.

Usage: snap [Options] try [try-OPTIONS]

--no-wait

Do not wait for the operation to finish but just print the change id.

--devmode

Put snap in development mode and disable security confinement

--jailmode

Put snap in enforced confinement mode

--classic

Put snap in classic mode and disable security confinement

Remove a manual alias, or the aliases for an entire snap

The unalias command removes a single alias if the provided argument is a manual alias, or disables all aliases of a snap, including manual ones, if the argument is a snap name.

Usage: snap [Options] unalias [unalias-OPTIONS]

--no-wait

Do not wait for the operation to finish but just print the change id.

Remove configuration options

The unset command removes the provided configuration options as requested.

$ snap unset snap-name name address

All configuration changes are persisted at once, and only after the snap's configuration hook returns successfully.

Nested values may be removed via a dotted path:

$ snap unset snap-name user.name

Usage: snap [Options] unset [unset-OPTIONS]

--no-wait

Do not wait for the operation to finish but just print the change id.

List or apply validation sets

The validate command lists or applies validation sets that state which snaps are required or permitted to be installed together, optionally constrained to fixed revisions.

A validation set can either be in monitoring mode, in which case its constraints aren't enforced, or in enforcing mode, in which case snapd will not allow operations which would result in snaps breaking the validation set's constraints.

Usage: snap [Options] validate [validate-OPTIONS]

--monitor

Monitor the given validations set

--enforce

Enforce the given validation set

--forget

Forget the given validation set

--refresh

Refresh or install snaps to satisfy enforced validation sets

--color <default: "auto">

Use a little bit of color to highlight some things.

--unicode <default: "auto">

Use a little bit of Unicode to improve legibility.

--no-wait

Do not wait for the operation to finish but just print the change id.

Show version details

The version command displays the versions of the running client, server, and operating system.

Wait for configuration

The wait command waits until a configuration becomes true.

List warnings

The warnings command lists the warnings that have been reported to the system.

Once warnings have been listed with 'snap warnings', 'snap okay' may be used to silence them. A warning that's been silenced in this way will not be listed again unless it happens again, _and_ a cooldown time has passed.

Warnings expire automatically, and once expired they are forgotten.

Usage: snap [Options] warnings [warnings-OPTIONS]

--abs-time

Display absolute times (in RFC 3339 format). Otherwise, display relative times up to 60 days, then YYYY-MM-DD.

--unicode <default: "auto">

Use a little bit of Unicode to improve legibility.

--all

Show all warnings

--verbose

Show more information

Watch a change in progress

The watch command waits for the given change-id to finish and shows progress (if available).

Usage: snap [Options] watch [watch-OPTIONS]

--last

Select last change of given type (install, refresh, remove, try, auto-refresh, etc.). A question mark at the end of the type means to do nothing (instead of returning an error) if no change of the given type is found. Note the question mark could need protecting from the shell.

Show the email the user is logged in with

The whoami command shows the email the user is logged in with.