ovs-ofctl - Man Page

These commands allow ovs-ofctl to monitor and administer an OpenFlow switch.  It is able to show the current state of a switch, including features, configuration, and table entries.

Most of these commands take an argument that specifies the method for connecting to an OpenFlow switch.  The following connection methods are supported:

ssl:host[:port]

tcp:host[:port]

The specified port on the given host, which can be expressed either as a DNS name (if built with unbound library) or an IP address in IPv4 or IPv6 address format.  Wrap IPv6 addresses in square brackets, e.g. tcp:[::1]:6653.  On Linux, use %device to designate a scope for IPv6 link-level addresses, e.g. tcp:[fe80::1234%eth0]:6653.  For ssl, the --private-key, --certificate, and --ca-cert options are mandatory.

If port is not specified, it defaults to 6653.

unix:file

On POSIX, a Unix domain server socket named file.

On Windows, connect to a local named pipe that is represented by a file created in the path file to mimic the behavior of a Unix domain socket.

file

This is short for unix:file, as long as file does not contain a colon.

bridge

This is short for unix:/var/run/openvswitch/bridge.mgmt, as long as bridge does not contain a colon.

[type@]dp

Attempts to look up the bridge associated with dp and open as above.  If type is given, it specifies the datapath provider of dp, otherwise the default provider system is assumed.

show switch

Prints to the console information on switch, including information on its flow tables and ports.

dump-tables switch

Prints to the console statistics for each of the flow tables used by switch.

dump-table-features switch

Prints to the console features for each of the flow tables used by switch.

dump-table-desc switch

Prints to the console configuration for each of the flow tables used by switch for OpenFlow 1.4+.

mod-table switch table setting

This command configures flow table settings in switch for OpenFlow table table, which may be expressed as a number or (unless --no-names is specified) a name.

The available settings depend on the OpenFlow version in use.  In OpenFlow 1.1 and 1.2 (which must be enabled with the -O option) only, mod-table configures behavior when no flow is found when a packet is looked up in a flow table.  The following setting values are available:

drop

Drop the packet.

continue

Continue to the next table in the pipeline.  (This is how an OpenFlow 1.0 switch always handles packets that do not match any flow, in tables other than the last one.)

controller

Send to controller.  (This is how an OpenFlow 1.0 switch always handles packets that do not match any flow in the last table.)

In OpenFlow 1.3 and later (which must be enabled with the -O option) and Open vSwitch 2.11 and later only, mod-table can change the name of a table:

name:new-name

Changes the name of the table to new-name.  Use an empty new-name to clear the name.  (This will be ineffective if the name is set via the name column in the Flow_Table table in the Open_vSwitch database as described in ovs-vswitchd.conf.db(5).)

In OpenFlow 1.4 and later (which must be enabled with the -O option) only, mod-table configures the behavior when a controller attempts to add a flow to a flow table that is full.  The following setting values are available:

evict

Delete some existing flow from the flow table, according to the algorithm described for the Flow_Table table in ovs-vswitchd.conf.db(5).

noevict

Refuse to add the new flow.  (Eviction might still be enabled through the overflow_policy column in the Flow_Table table documented in ovs-vswitchd.conf.db(5).)

vacancy:low,high

Enables sending vacancy events to controllers using TABLE_STATUS messages, based on percentage thresholds low and high.

novacancy

Disables vacancy events.

dump-ports switch [netdev]

Prints to the console statistics for network devices associated with  switch.  If netdev is specified, only the statistics associated with that device will be printed.  netdev can be an OpenFlow assigned port number or device name, e.g. eth0.

dump-ports-desc switch [port]

Prints to the console detailed information about network devices associated with switch.  To dump only a specific port, specify its number as port.  Otherwise, if port is omitted, or if it is specified as ANY, then all ports are printed.  This is a subset of the information provided by the show command.

If the connection to switch negotiates OpenFlow 1.0, 1.2, or 1.2, this command uses an OpenFlow extension only implemented in Open vSwitch (version 1.7 and later).

Only OpenFlow 1.5 and later support dumping a specific port.  Earlier versions of OpenFlow always dump all ports.

mod-port switch port action

Modify characteristics of port port in switch.  port may be an OpenFlow port number or name (unless --no-names is specified) or the keyword LOCAL (the preferred way to refer to the OpenFlow local port).  The action may be any one of the following:

up

down

Enable or disable the interface.  This is equivalent to ip link set up or ip link set down on a Unix system.

stp

no-stp

Enable or disable 802.1D spanning tree protocol (STP) on the interface.  OpenFlow implementations that don't support STP will refuse to enable it.

receive

no-receive

receive-stp

no-receive-stp

Enable or disable OpenFlow processing of packets received on this interface.  When packet processing is disabled, packets will be dropped instead of being processed through the OpenFlow table.  The receive or no-receive setting applies to all packets except 802.1D spanning tree packets, which are separately controlled by receive-stp or no-receive-stp.

forward

no-forward

Allow or disallow forwarding of traffic to this interface.  By default, forwarding is enabled.

flood

no-flood

Controls whether an OpenFlow flood action will send traffic out this interface.  By default, flooding is enabled.  Disabling flooding is primarily useful to prevent loops when a spanning tree protocol is not in use.

packet-in

no-packet-in

Controls whether packets received on this interface that do not match a flow table entry generate a “packet in” message to the OpenFlow controller.  By default, “packet in” messages are enabled.

The show command displays (among other information) the configuration that mod-port changes.

get-frags switch

Prints switch's fragment handling mode.  See set-frags, below, for a description of each fragment handling mode.

The show command also prints the fragment handling mode among its other output.

set-frags switch frag_mode

Configures switch's treatment of IPv4 and IPv6 fragments.  The choices for frag_mode are:

normal

Fragments pass through the flow table like non-fragmented packets. The TCP ports, UDP ports, and ICMP type and code fields are always set to 0, even for fragments where that information would otherwise be available (fragments with offset 0).  This is the default fragment handling mode for an OpenFlow switch.

drop

Fragments are dropped without passing through the flow table.

reassemble

The switch reassembles fragments into full IP packets before passing them through the flow table.  Open vSwitch does not implement this fragment handling mode.

nx-match

Fragments pass through the flow table like non-fragmented packets. The TCP ports, UDP ports, and ICMP type and code fields are available for matching for fragments with offset 0, and set to 0 in fragments with nonzero offset.  This mode is a Nicira extension.

See the description of ip_frag, in ovs-fields(7), for a way to match on whether a packet is a fragment and on its fragment offset.

dump-flows switch [flows]

Prints to the console all flow entries in switch's tables that match flows.  If flows is omitted, all flows in the switch are retrieved.  See Flow Syntax, below, for the syntax of flows.  The output format is described in Table Entry Output.

By default, ovs-ofctl prints flow entries in the same order that the switch sends them, which is unlikely to be intuitive or consistent.  Use --sort and --rsort to control display order.  The --names/--no-names and --stats/--no-stats options also affect output formatting.  See the descriptions of these options, under Options below, for more information

dump-aggregate switch [flows]

Prints to the console aggregate statistics for flows in switch's tables that match flows.  If flows is omitted,  the statistics are aggregated across all flows in the switch's flow tables.  See Flow Syntax, below, for the syntax of flows. The output format is described in Table Entry Output.

queue-stats switch [port [queue]]

Prints to the console statistics for the specified queue on port within switch.  port can be an OpenFlow port number or name, the keyword LOCAL (the preferred way to refer to the OpenFlow local port), or the keyword ALL.  Either of port or queue or both may be omitted (or equivalently the keyword ALL).  If both are omitted, statistics are printed for all queues on all ports.  If only queue is omitted, then statistics are printed for all queues on port; if only port is omitted, then statistics are printed for queue on every port where it exists.

queue-get-config switch [port [queue]]

Prints to the console the configuration of queue on port in switch.  If port is omitted or ANY, reports queues for all port.  If queue is omitted or ANY, reports all queues.  For OpenFlow 1.3 and earlier, the output always includes all queues, ignoring queue if specified.

This command has limited usefulness, because ports often have no configured queues and because the OpenFlow protocol provides only very limited information about the configuration of a queue.

dump-ipfix-bridge switch

Prints to the console the statistics of bridge IPFIX for switch. If bridge IPFIX is configured on the switch, IPFIX statistics can be retrieved.  Otherwise, error message will be printed.

This command uses an Open vSwitch extension that is only in Open vSwitch 2.6 and later.

dump-ipfix-flow switch

Prints to the console the statistics of flow-based IPFIX for switch.  If flow-based IPFIX is configured on the switch, statistics of all the collector set ids on the switch will be printed.  Otherwise, print error message.

Refer to ovs-vswitchd.conf.db(5) for more details on configuring flow based IPFIX and collector set ids.

This command uses an Open vSwitch extension that is only in Open vSwitch 2.6 and later.

ct-flush-zone switch zone

Flushes the connection tracking entries in zone on switch.

This command uses an Open vSwitch extension that is only in Open vSwitch 2.6 and later.

ct-flush switch [zone=N] [mark=X[/M]] [labels=Y[/N]] [ct-orig-tuple [ct-reply-tuple]]

Flushes the connection entries on switch based on zone, mark, labels and connection tracking tuples ct-[orig|reply]-tuple.

If ct-[orig|reply]-tuple is not provided, flushes all the connection entries.  If zone is specified, only flushes the connections in zone. if mark or labels is provided, it will flush only entries that are matching specific mark/labels.

If ct-[orig|reply]-tuple is provided, flushes the connection entry specified by ct-[orig|reply]-tuple in zone.  The zone defaults to 0 if it is not provided.  The mark and labels defaults to "0/0" if it is not provided.  The userspace connection tracker requires flushing with the original pre-NATed tuple and a warning log will be otherwise generated.  The tuple can be partial and will remove all connections that are matching on the specified fields.  In order to specify only ct-reply-tuple, provide empty string as ct-orig-tuple.

Note: Currently there is limitation for matching on ICMP, in order to partially match on ICMP parameters the ct-[orig|reply]-tuple has to include either source or destination IP.

An example of an IPv4 ICMP ct-[orig|reply]-tuple:

"ct_nw_src=10.1.1.1,ct_nw_dst=10.1.1.2,ct_nw_proto=1,icmp_type=8,icmp_code=0,icmp_id=10"

An example of an IPv6 TCP ct-[orig|reply]-tuple:

"ct_ipv6_src=fc00::1,ct_ipv6_dst=fc00::2,ct_nw_proto=6,ct_tp_src=1,ct_tp_dst=2"

This command uses an Open vSwitch extension that is only in Open vSwitch 3.1 and later.  Support for matching on mark and labels is only in Open vSwitch 3.3 and later.

These commands manage the flow table in an OpenFlow switch.  In each case, flow specifies a flow entry in the format described in Flow Syntax, below, file is a text file that contains zero or more flows in the same syntax, one per line, and the optional --bundle option operates the command as a single atomic transaction, see option --bundle, below.

[--bundle] add-flow switch flow

[--bundle] add-flow switch - < file

[--bundle] add-flows switch file

Add each flow entry to switch's tables. Each flow specification (e.g., each line in file) may start with add, modify, delete, modify_strict, or delete_strict keyword to specify whether a flow is to be added, modified, or deleted, and whether the modify or delete is strict or not.  For backwards compatibility a flow specification without one of these keywords is treated as a flow add.  All flow mods are executed in the order specified.

[--bundle] [--strict] mod-flows switch flow

[--bundle] [--strict] mod-flows switch - < file

Modify the actions in entries from switch's tables that match the specified flows.  With --strict, wildcards are not treated as active for matching purposes.

[--bundle] del-flows switch

[--bundle] [--strict] del-flows switch [flow]

[--bundle] [--strict] del-flows switch - < file

Deletes entries from switch's flow table.  With only a switch argument, deletes all flows.  Otherwise, deletes flow entries that match the specified flows.  With --strict, wildcards are not treated as active for matching purposes.

[--bundle] [--readd] replace-flows switch file

Reads flow entries from file (or stdin if file is -) and queries the flow table from switch.  Then it fixes up any differences, adding flows from flow that are missing on switch, deleting flows from switch that are not in file, and updating flows in switch whose actions, cookie, or timeouts differ in file.

With --readd, ovs-ofctl adds all the flows from file, even those that exist with the same actions, cookie, and timeout in switch.  In OpenFlow 1.0 and 1.1, re-adding a flow always resets the flow's packet and byte counters to 0, and in OpenFlow 1.2 and later, it does so only if the reset_counts flag is set.

diff-flows source1 source2

Reads flow entries from source1 and source2 and prints the differences.  A flow that is in source1 but not in source2 is printed preceded by a -, and a flow that is in source2 but not in source1 is printed preceded by a +.  If a flow exists in both source1 and source2 with different actions, cookie, or timeouts, then both versions are printed preceded by - and +, respectively.

source1 and source2 may each name a file or a switch.  If a name begins with / or ., then it is considered to be a file name.  A name that contains : is considered to be a switch. Otherwise, it is a file if a file by that name exists, a switch if not.

For this command, an exit status of 0 means that no differences were found, 1 means that an error occurred, and 2 means that some differences were found.

packet-out switch packet-out

Connects to switch and instructs it to execute the packet-out OpenFlow message, specified as defined in Packet-Out Syntax section.

These commands manage the group table in an OpenFlow switch.  In each case, group specifies a group entry in the format described in Group Syntax, below, and file is a text file that contains zero or more groups in the same syntax, one per line, and the optional --bundle option operates the command as a single atomic transaction, see option --bundle, below.

The group commands work only with switches that support OpenFlow 1.1 or later or the Open vSwitch group extensions to OpenFlow 1.0 (added in Open vSwitch 2.9.90).  For OpenFlow 1.1 or later, it is necessary to explicitly enable these protocol versions in ovs-ofctl (using -O).  For more information, see “Q: What versions of OpenFlow does Open vSwitch support?” in the Open vSwitch FAQ.

[--bundle] add-group switch group

[--bundle] add-group switch - < file

[--bundle] add-groups switch file

Add each group entry to switch's tables. Each group specification (e.g., each line in file) may start with add, modify, add_or_mod, delete, insert_bucket, or remove_bucket keyword to specify whether a flow is to be added, modified, or deleted, or whether a group bucket is to be added or removed.  For backwards compatibility a group specification without one of these keywords is treated as a group add. All group mods are executed in the order specified.

[--bundle] [--may-create] mod-group switch group

[--bundle] [--may-create] mod-group switch - < file

Modify the action buckets in entries from switch's tables for each group entry.  If a specified group does not already exist, then without --may-create, this command has no effect; with --may-create, it creates a new group.  The --may-create option uses an Open vSwitch extension to OpenFlow only implemented in Open vSwitch 2.6 and later.

[--bundle] del-groups switch

[--bundle] del-groups switch [group]

[--bundle] del-groups switch - < file

Deletes entries from switch's group table.  With only a switch argument, deletes all groups.  Otherwise, deletes the group for each group entry.

[--bundle] insert-buckets switch group

[--bundle] insert-buckets switch - < file

Add buckets to an existing group present in the switch's group table. If no command_bucket_id is present in the group specification then all buckets of the group are removed.

[--bundle] remove-buckets switch group

[--bundle] remove-buckets switch - < file

Remove buckets to an existing group present in the switch's group table. If no command_bucket_id is present in the group specification then all buckets of the group are removed.

dump-groups switch [group]

Prints group entries in switch's tables to console.  To dump only a specific group, specify its number as group.  Otherwise, if group is omitted, or if it is specified as ALL, then all groups are printed.

Only OpenFlow 1.5 and later support dumping a specific group.  Earlier versions of OpenFlow always dump all groups.

dump-group-features switch

Prints to the console the group features of the switch.

dump-group-stats switch [group]

Prints to the console statistics for the specified group in switch's tables.  If group is omitted then statistics for all groups are printed.

These commands manage the meter table in an OpenFlow switch.  In each case, meter specifies a meter entry in the format described in Meter Syntax, below.

OpenFlow 1.3 introduced support for meters, so these commands only work with switches that support OpenFlow 1.3 or later.  It is necessary to explicitly enable these protocol versions in ovs-ofctl (using -O) and in the switch itself (with the protocols column in the Bridge table).  For more information, see “Q: What versions of OpenFlow does Open vSwitch support?” in the Open vSwitch FAQ.

add-meter switch meter

Add a meter entry to switch's tables. The meter syntax is described in section Meter Syntax, below.

mod-meter switch meter

Modify an existing meter.

del-meters switch [meter]

Delete entries from switch's meter table.  To delete only a specific meter, specify its number as meter.  Otherwise, if meter is omitted, or if it is specified as all, then all meters are deleted.

dump-meters switch [meter]

Print entries from switch's meter table.  To print only a specific meter, specify its number as meter.  Otherwise, if meter is omitted, or if it is specified as all, then all meters are printed.

meter-stats switch [meter]

Print meter statistics.  meter can specify a single meter with syntax meter=id, or all meters with syntax meter=all.

meter-features switch

Print meter features.

Transactional updates to both flow and group tables can be made with the bundle command.  file is a text file that contains zero or more flow mods, group mods, or packet-outs in Flow Syntax, Group Syntax, or Packet-Out Syntax, each line preceded by flow, group, or packet-out keyword, correspondingly.  The flow keyword may be optionally followed by one of the keywords add, modify, modify_strict, delete, or delete_strict, of which the add is assumed if a bare flow is given.  Similarly, the group keyword may be optionally followed by one of the keywords add, modify, add_or_mod, delete, insert_bucket, or remove_bucket, of which the add is assumed if a bare group is given.

bundle switch file

Execute all flow and group mods in file as a single atomic transaction against switch's tables.  All bundled mods are executed in the order specified.

Open vSwitch maintains a mapping table between tunnel option TLVs (defined by <class, type, length>) and NXM fields tun_metadatan, where n ranges from 0 to 63, that can be operated on for the purposes of matches, actions, etc. This TLV table can be used for Geneve option TLVs or other protocols with options in same TLV format as Geneve options. This mapping must be explicitly specified by the user through the following commands.

A TLV mapping is specified with the syntax {class=class,type=type,len=length}->tun_metadatan. When an option mapping exists for a given tun_metadatan, matching on the defined field becomes possible, e.g.:

A mapping should not be changed while it is in active use by a flow. The result of doing so is undefined.

These commands are Nicira extensions to OpenFlow and require Open vSwitch 2.5 or later.

add-tlv-map switch option[,option]...

Add each option to switch's tables. Duplicate fields are rejected.

del-tlv-map switch [option[,option]]...

Delete each option from switch's table, or all option TLV mapping if no option is specified. Fields that aren't mapped are ignored.

dump-tlv-map switch

Show the currently mapped fields in the switch's option table as well as switch capabilities.

snoop switch

Connects to switch and prints to the console all OpenFlow messages received.  Unlike other ovs-ofctl commands, if switch is the name of a bridge, then the snoop command connects to a Unix domain socket named /var/run/openvswitch/switch.snoop.  ovs-vswitchd listens on such a socket for each bridge and sends to it all of the OpenFlow messages sent to or received from its configured OpenFlow controller. Thus, this command can be used to view OpenFlow protocol activity between a switch and its controller.

When a switch has more than one controller configured, only the traffic to and from a single controller is output.  If none of the controllers is configured as a primary or a secondary (using a Nicira extension to OpenFlow 1.0 or 1.1, or a standard request in OpenFlow 1.2 or later), then a controller is chosen arbitrarily among them.  If there is a primary controller, it is chosen; otherwise, if there are any controllers that are not primaries or secondaries, one is chosen arbitrarily; otherwise, a secondary controller is chosen arbitrarily.  This choice is made once at connection time and does not change as controllers reconfigure their roles.

If a switch has no controller configured, or if the configured controller is disconnected, no traffic is sent, so monitoring will not show any traffic.

monitor switch [miss-len] [invalid_ttl] [watch:[spec...]]

Connects to switch and prints to the console all OpenFlow messages received.  Usually, switch should specify the name of a bridge in the ovs-vswitchd database. This is available only in OpenFlow 1.0 as Nicira extension.

If miss-len is provided, ovs-ofctl sends an OpenFlow “set configuration” message at connection setup time that requests miss-len bytes of each packet that misses the flow table.  Open vSwitch does not send these and other asynchronous messages to an ovs-ofctl monitor client connection unless a nonzero value is specified on this argument.  (Thus, if miss-len is not specified, very little traffic will ordinarily be printed.)

If invalid_ttl is passed, ovs-ofctl sends an OpenFlow “set configuration” message at connection setup time that requests INVALID_TTL_TO_CONTROLLER, so that ovs-ofctl monitor can receive “packet-in” messages when TTL reaches zero on dec_ttl action. Only OpenFlow 1.1 and 1.2 support invalid_ttl; Open vSwitch also implements it for OpenFlow 1.0 as an extension.

watch:[spec...] causes ovs-ofctl to send a “monitor request” Nicira extension message to the switch at connection setup time.  This message causes the switch to send information about flow table changes as they occur.  The following comma-separated spec syntax is available:

!initial

Do not report the switch's initial flow table contents.

!add

Do not report newly added flows.

!delete

Do not report deleted flows.

!modify

Do not report modifications to existing flows.

!own

Abbreviate changes made to the flow table by ovs-ofctl's own connection to the switch.  (These could only occur using the ofctl/send command described below under Runtime Management Commands.)

!actions

Do not report actions as part of flow updates.

table=table

Limits the monitoring to the table with the given table, which may be expressed as a number between 0 and 254 or (unless --no-names is specified) a name.  By default, all tables are monitored.

out_port=port

If set, only flows that output to port are monitored.  The port may be an OpenFlow port number or keyword (e.g. LOCAL).

out_group=group

If set, only flows that output to group number are monitored. This field requires OpenFlow 1.4 (-OOpenFlow14) or later.

field=value

Monitors only flows that have field specified as the given value.  Any syntax valid for matching on dump-flows may be used.

This command may be useful for debugging switch or controller implementations.  With watch:, it is particularly useful for observing how a controller updates flow tables.

The following commands, like those in the previous section, may be applied to OpenFlow switches, using any of the connection methods described in that section.  Unlike those commands, these may also be applied to OpenFlow controllers.

probe target

Sends a single OpenFlow echo-request message to target and waits for the response.  With the -t or --timeout option, this command can test whether an OpenFlow switch or controller is up and running.

ping target [n]

Sends a series of 10 echo request packets to target and times each reply.  The echo request packets consist of an OpenFlow header plus n bytes (default: 64) of randomly generated payload.  This measures the latency of individual requests.

benchmark target n count

Sends count echo request packets that each consist of an OpenFlow header plus n bytes of payload and waits for each response.  Reports the total time required.  This is a measure of the maximum bandwidth to target for round-trips of n-byte messages.

ofp-parse file

Reads file (or stdin if file is -) as a series of OpenFlow messages in the binary format used on an OpenFlow connection, and prints them to the console.  This can be useful for printing OpenFlow messages captured from a TCP stream.

ofp-parse-pcap file [port...]

Reads file, which must be in the PCAP format used by network capture tools such as tcpdump or wireshark, extracts all the TCP streams for OpenFlow connections, and prints the OpenFlow messages in those connections in human-readable format on stdout.

OpenFlow connections are distinguished by TCP port number. Non-OpenFlow packets are ignored.  By default, data on TCP ports 6633 and 6653 are considered to be OpenFlow.  Specify one or more port arguments to override the default.

This command cannot usefully print SSL encrypted traffic.  It does not understand IPv6.

Some ovs-ofctl commands accept an argument that describes a flow or flows.  Such flow descriptions comprise a series of field=value assignments, separated by commas or white space.  (Embedding spaces into a flow description normally requires quoting to prevent the shell from breaking the description into multiple arguments.)

Flow descriptions should be in normal form.  This means that a flow may only specify a value for an L3 field if it also specifies a particular L2 protocol, and that a flow may only specify an L4 field if it also specifies particular L2 and L3 protocol types.  For example, if the L2 protocol type dl_type is wildcarded, then L3 fields nw_src, nw_dst, and nw_proto must also be wildcarded.  Similarly, if dl_type or nw_proto (the L3 protocol type) is wildcarded, so must be the L4 fields tcp_dst and tcp_src.  ovs-ofctl will warn about flows not in normal form.

ovs-fields(7) describes the supported fields and how to match them.  In addition to match fields, commands that operate on flows accept a few additional key-value pairs:

table=table

For flow dump commands, limits the flows dumped to those in table, which may be expressed as a number between 0 and 255 or (unless --no-names is specified) a name.  If not specified (or if 255 is specified as table), then flows in all tables are dumped.

For flow table modification commands, behavior varies based on the OpenFlow version used to connect to the switch:

OpenFlow 1.0

OpenFlow 1.0 does not support table for modifying flows. ovs-ofctl will exit with an error if table (other than table=255) is specified for a switch that only supports OpenFlow 1.0.

In OpenFlow 1.0, the switch chooses the table into which to insert a new flow.  The Open vSwitch software switch always chooses table 0. Other Open vSwitch datapaths and other OpenFlow implementations may choose different tables.

The OpenFlow 1.0 behavior in Open vSwitch for modifying or removing flows depends on whether --strict is used.  Without --strict, the command applies to matching flows in all tables. With --strict, the command will operate on any single matching flow in any table; it will do nothing if there are matches in more than one table.  (The distinction between these behaviors only matters if non-OpenFlow 1.0 commands were also used, because OpenFlow 1.0 alone cannot add flows with the same matching criteria to multiple tables.)

OpenFlow 1.0 with table_id extension

Open vSwitch implements an OpenFlow extension that allows the controller to specify the table on which to operate.  ovs-ofctl automatically enables the extension when table is specified and OpenFlow 1.0 is used.  ovs-ofctl automatically detects whether the switch supports the extension.  As of this writing, this extension is only known to be implemented by Open vSwitch.

With this extension, ovs-ofctl operates on the requested table when table is specified, and acts as described for OpenFlow 1.0 above when no table is specified (or for table=255).

OpenFlow 1.1

OpenFlow 1.1 requires flow table modification commands to specify a table.  When table is not specified (or table=255 is specified), ovs-ofctl defaults to table 0.

OpenFlow 1.2 and later

OpenFlow 1.2 and later allow flow deletion commands, but not other flow table modification commands, to operate on all flow tables, with the behavior described above for OpenFlow 1.0.

duration=...

n_packet=...

n_bytes=...

ovs-ofctl ignores assignments to these “fields” to allow output from the dump-flows command to be used as input for other commands that parse flows.

The add-flow, add-flows, and mod-flows commands require an additional field, which must be the final field specified:

actions=[action][,action...]

Specifies a comma-separated list of actions to take on a packet when the flow entry matches.  If no action is specified, then packets matching the flow are dropped.  See ovs-actions(7) for details on the syntax and semantics of actions. K

An opaque identifier called a cookie can be used as a handle to identify a set of flows:

cookie=value

A cookie can be associated with a flow using the add-flow, add-flows, and mod-flows commands.  value can be any 64-bit number and need not be unique among flows.  If this field is omitted, a default cookie value of 0 is used.

cookie=value/mask

When using NXM, the cookie can be used as a handle for querying, modifying, and deleting flows.  value and mask may be supplied for the del-flows, mod-flows, dump-flows, and dump-aggregate commands to limit matching cookies.  A 1-bit in mask indicates that the corresponding bit in cookie must match exactly, and a 0-bit wildcards that bit.  A mask of -1 may be used to exactly match a cookie.

The mod-flows command can update the cookies of flows that match a cookie by specifying the cookie field twice (once with a mask for matching and once without to indicate the new value):

ovs-ofctl mod-flows br0 cookie=1,actions=normal

Change all flows' cookies to 1 and change their actions to normal.

ovs-ofctl mod-flows br0 cookie=1/-1,cookie=2,actions=normal

Update cookies with a value of 1 to 2 and change their actions to normal.

The ability to match on cookies was added in Open vSwitch 1.5.0.

The following additional field sets the priority for flows added by the add-flow and add-flows commands.  For mod-flows and del-flows when --strict is specified, priority must match along with the rest of the flow specification.  For mod-flows without --strict, priority is only significant if the command creates a new flow, that is, non-strict mod-flows does not match on priority and will not change the priority of existing flows.  Other commands do not allow priority to be specified.

priority=value

The priority at which a wildcarded entry will match in comparison to others.  value is a number between 0 and 65535, inclusive.  A higher  value will match before a lower one.  An exact-match entry will always  have priority over an entry containing wildcards, so it has an implicit  priority value of 65535.  When adding a flow, if the field is not specified,  the flow's priority will default to 32768.

OpenFlow leaves behavior undefined when two or more flows with the same priority can match a single packet.  Some users expect “sensible” behavior, such as more specific flows taking precedence over less specific flows, but OpenFlow does not specify this and Open vSwitch does not implement it.  Users should therefore take care to use priorities to ensure the behavior that they expect.

The add-flow, add-flows, and mod-flows commands support the following additional options.  These options affect only new flows.  Thus, for add-flow and add-flows, these options are always significant, but for mod-flows they are significant only if the command creates a new flow, that is, their values do not update or affect existing flows.

idle_timeout=seconds

Causes the flow to expire after the given number of seconds of inactivity.  A value of 0 (the default) prevents a flow from expiring due to inactivity.

hard_timeout=seconds

Causes the flow to expire after the given number of seconds, regardless of activity.  A value of 0 (the default) gives the flow no hard expiration deadline.

importance=value

Sets the importance of a flow.  The flow entry eviction mechanism can use importance as a factor in deciding which flow to evict.  A value of 0 (the default) makes the flow non-evictable on the basis of importance.  Specify a value between 0 and 65535.

Only OpenFlow 1.4 and later support importance.

send_flow_rem

Marks the flow with a flag that causes the switch to generate a “flow removed” message and send it to interested controllers when the flow later expires or is removed.

check_overlap

Forces the switch to check that the flow match does not overlap that of any different flow with the same priority in the same table.  (This check is expensive so it is best to avoid it.)

reset_counts

When this flag is specified on a flow being added to a switch, and the switch already has a flow with an identical match, an OpenFlow 1.2 (or later) switch resets the flow's packet and byte counters to 0. Without the flag, the packet and byte counters are preserved.

OpenFlow 1.0 and 1.1 switches always reset counters in this situation, as if reset_counts were always specified.

Open vSwitch 1.10 added support for reset_counts.

no_packet_counts

no_byte_counts

Adding these flags to a flow advises an OpenFlow 1.3 (or later) switch that the controller does not need packet or byte counters, respectively, for the flow.  Some switch implementations might achieve higher performance or reduce resource consumption when these flags are used.  These flags provide no benefit to the Open vSwitch software switch implementation.

OpenFlow 1.2 and earlier do not support these flags.

Open vSwitch 1.10 added support for no_packet_counts and no_byte_counts.

The dump-flows, dump-aggregate, del-flow  and del-flows commands support these additional optional fields:

out_port=port

If set, a matching flow must include an output action to port, which must be an OpenFlow port number or name (e.g. local).

out_group=group

If set, a matching flow must include an group action naming group, which must be an OpenFlow group number.  This field is supported in Open vSwitch 2.5 and later and requires OpenFlow 1.1 or later.

The dump-tables and dump-aggregate commands print information  about the entries in a datapath's tables.  Each line of output is a  flow entry as described in Flow Syntax, above, plus some additional fields:

duration=secs

The time, in seconds, that the entry has been in the table. secs includes as much precision as the switch provides, possibly to nanosecond resolution.

n_packets

The number of packets that have matched the entry.

n_bytes

The total number of bytes from packets that have matched the entry.

The following additional fields are included only if the switch is Open vSwitch 1.6 or later and the NXM flow format is used to dump the flow (see the description of the --flow-format option below). The values of these additional fields are approximations only and in particular idle_age will sometimes become nonzero even for busy flows.

hard_age=secs

The integer number of seconds since the flow was added or modified. hard_age is displayed only if it differs from the integer part of duration.  (This is separate from duration because mod-flows restarts the hard_timeout timer without zeroing duration.)

idle_age=secs

The integer number of seconds that have passed without any packets passing through the flow.

ovs-ofctl bundle command accepts packet-outs to be specified in the bundle file.  Each packet-out comprises of a series of field=value assignments, separated by commas or white space.  (Embedding spaces into a packet-out description normally requires quoting to prevent the shell from breaking the description into multiple arguments.).  Unless noted otherwise only the last instance of each field is honoured.  This same syntax is also supported by the ovs-ofctl packet-out command.

in_port=port

The port number to be considered the in_port when processing actions. This can be any valid OpenFlow port number, or any of the LOCAL, CONTROLLER, or NONE. This field is required.

pipeline_field=value

Optionally, user can specify a list of pipeline fields for a packet-out message. The supported pipeline fields includes tunnel fields and register fields as defined in ovs-fields(7).

packet=hex-string

The actual packet to send, expressed as a string of hexadecimal bytes. This field is required.

actions=[action][,action...]

The syntax of actions are identical to the actions= field described in Flow Syntax above.  Specifying actions= is optional, but omitting actions is interpreted as a drop, so the packet will not be sent anywhere from the switch. actions must be specified at the end of each line, like for flow mods.

Some ovs-ofctl commands accept an argument that describes a group or groups.  Such flow descriptions comprise a series field=value assignments, separated by commas or white space.  (Embedding spaces into a group description normally requires quoting to prevent the shell from breaking the description into multiple arguments.). Unless noted otherwise only the last instance of each field is honoured.

group_id=id

The integer group id of group. When this field is specified in del-groups or dump-groups, the keyword "all" may be used to designate all groups. This field is required.

type=type

The type of the group.  The add-group, add-groups and mod-groups commands require this field.  It is prohibited for other commands. The following keywords designated the allowed types:

all

Execute all buckets in the group.

select

Execute one bucket in the group, balancing across the buckets according to their weights.  To select a bucket, for each live bucket, Open vSwitch hashes flow data with the bucket ID and multiplies by the bucket weight to obtain a “score,” and then selects the bucket with the highest score.  Use selection_method to control the flow data used for selection.

indirect

Executes the one bucket in the group.

ff

fast_failover

Executes the first live bucket in the group which is associated with a live port or group.

command_bucket_id=id

The bucket to operate on.  The insert-buckets and remove-buckets commands require this field.  It is prohibited for other commands. id may be an integer or one of the following keywords:

all

Operate on all buckets in the group. Only valid when used with the remove-buckets command in which case the effect is to remove all buckets from the group.

first

Operate on the first bucket present in the group. In the case of the insert-buckets command the effect is to insert new bucets just before the first bucket already present in the group; or to replace the buckets of the group if there are no buckets already present in the group. In the case of the remove-buckets command the effect is to remove the first bucket of the group; or do nothing if there are no buckets present in the group.

last

Operate on the last bucket present in the group. In the case of the insert-buckets command the effect is to insert new bucets just after the last bucket already present in the group; or to replace the buckets of the group if there are no buckets already present in the group. In the case of the remove-buckets command the effect is to remove the last bucket of the group; or do nothing if there are no buckets present in the group.

If id is an integer then it should correspond to the bucket_id of a bucket present in the group. In case of the insert-buckets command the effect is to insert buckets just before the bucket in the group whose bucket_id is id. In case of the iremove-buckets command the effect is to remove the in the group whose bucket_id is id. It is an error if there is no bucket persent group in whose bucket_id is id.

selection_method=method

The selection method used to select a bucket for a select group. This is a string of 1 to 15 bytes in length known to lower layers. This field is optional for add-group, add-groups and mod-group commands on groups of type select. Prohibited otherwise.  If no selection method is specified, Open vSwitch up to release 2.9 applies the hash method with default fields. From 2.10 onwards Open vSwitch defaults to the dp_hash method with symmetric L3/L4 hash algorithm, as long as the weighted group buckets can be mapped to dp_hash values with sufficient accuracy.  In 2.10 this was restricted to a maximum of 64 buckets, and in 2.17 the limit was raised to 256 buckets. In those rare cases Open vSwitch 2.10 and later fall back to the hash method with the default set of hash fields.

dp_hash

Use a datapath computed hash value.  The hash algorithm varies across different datapath implementations.  dp_hash uses the upper 32 bits of the selection_method_param as the datapath hash algorithm selector.  The supported values are 0 (corresponding to hash computation over the IP 5-tuple) and 1 (corresponding to a symmetric hash computation over the IP 5-tuple).  Selecting specific fields with the fields option is not supported with dp_hash). The lower 32 bits are used as the hash basis.

Using dp_hash has the advantage that it does not require the generated datapath flows to exact match any additional packet header fields.  For example, even if multiple TCP connections thus hashed to different select group buckets have different source port numbers, generally all of them would be handled with a small set of already established datapath flows, resulting in less latency for TCP SYN packets.  The downside is that the shared datapath flows must match each packet twice, as the datapath hash value calculation happens only when needed, and a second match is required to match some bits of its value.  This double-matching incurs a small additional latency cost for each packet, but this latency is orders of magnitude less than the latency of creating new datapath flows for new TCP connections.

hash

Use a hash computed over the fields specified with the fields option, see below.  If no hash fields are specified, hash defaults to a symmetric hash over the combination of MAC addresses, VLAN tags, Ether type, IP addresses and L4 port numbers.  hash uses the selection_method_param as the hash basis.

Note that the hashed fields become exact matched by the datapath flows.  For example, if the TCP source port is hashed, the created datapath flows will match the specific TCP source port value present in the packet received.  Since each TCP connection generally has a different source port value, a separate datapath flow will be need to be inserted for each TCP connection thus hashed to a select group bucket.

This option uses a Netronome OpenFlow extension which is only supported when using Open vSwitch 2.4 and later with OpenFlow 1.5 and later.

selection_method_param=param

64-bit integer parameter to the selection method selected by the selection_method field.  The parameter's use is defined by the lower-layer that implements the selection_method.  It is optional if the selection_method field is specified as a non-empty string. Prohibited otherwise. The default value is zero.

This option uses a Netronome OpenFlow extension which is only supported when using Open vSwitch 2.4 and later with OpenFlow 1.5 and later.

fields=field

fields(field[=mask]...)

The field parameters to selection method selected by the selection_method field.  The syntax is described in Flow Syntax with the additional restrictions that if a value is provided it is treated as a wildcard mask and wildcard masks following a slash are prohibited. The pre-requisites of fields must be provided by any flows that output to the group.  The use of the fields is defined by the lower-layer that implements the selection_method.  They are optional if the selection_method field is specified as ``hash', prohibited otherwise.  The default is no fields.

This option will use a Netronome OpenFlow extension which is only supported when using Open vSwitch 2.4 and later with OpenFlow 1.5 and later.

bucket=bucket_parameters

The add-group, add-groups and mod-group commands require at least one bucket field. Bucket fields must appear after all other fields. Multiple bucket fields to specify multiple buckets. The order in which buckets are specified corresponds to their order in the group. If the type of the group is "indirect" then only one group may be specified. bucket_parameters consists of a list of field=value assignments, separated by commas or white space followed by a comma-separated list of actions. The fields for bucket_parameters are:

bucket_id=id

The 32-bit integer group id of the bucket.  Values greater than 0xffffff00 are reserved. This field was added in Open vSwitch 2.4 to conform with the OpenFlow 1.5 specification. It is not supported when earlier versions of OpenFlow are used.  Open vSwitch will automatically allocate bucket ids when they are not specified.

actions=[action][,action...]

The syntax of actions are identical to the actions= field described in Flow Syntax above. Specifying actions= is optional, any unknown bucket parameter will be interpreted as an action.

weight=value

The relative weight of the bucket as an integer. This may be used by the switch during bucket select for groups whose type is select.

watch_port=port

Port used to determine liveness of group. This or the watch_group field is required for groups whose type is ff or fast_failover. This or the watch_group field can also be used for groups whose type is select.

watch_group=group_id

Group identifier of group used to determine liveness of group. This or the watch_port field is required for groups whose type is ff or fast_failover. This or the watch_port field can also be used for groups whose type is select.

The meter table commands accept an argument that describes a meter. Such meter descriptions comprise a series field=value assignments, separated by commas or white space. (Embedding spaces into a group description normally requires quoting to prevent the shell from breaking the description into multiple arguments.). Unless noted otherwise only the last instance of each field is honoured.

meter=id

The identifier for the meter.  An integer is used to specify a user-defined meter.  In addition, the keywords "all", "controller", and "slowpath", are also supported as virtual meters.  The "controller" and "slowpath" virtual meters apply to packets sent to the controller and to the OVS userspace, respectively.

When this field is specified in del-meter, dump-meter, or meter-stats, the keyword "all" may be used to designate all meters.  This field is required, except for meter-stats, which dumps all stats when this field is not specified.

kbps

pktps

The unit for the rate and burst_size band parameters. kbps specifies kilobits per second, and pktps specifies packets per second.  A unit is required for the add-meter and mod-meter commands.

burst

If set, enables burst support for meter bands through the burst_size parameter.

stats

If set, enables the collection of meter and band statistics.

bands=band_parameters

The add-meter and mod-meter commands require at least one band specification. Bands must appear after all other fields.

type=type

The type of the meter band.  This keyword starts a new band specification. Each band specifies a rate above which the band is to take some action. The action depends on the band type.  If multiple bands' rate is exceeded, then the band with the highest rate among the exceeded bands is selected. The following keywords designate the allowed meter band types:

drop

Drop packets exceeding the band's rate limit.

The other band_parameters are:

rate=value

The relative rate limit for this band, in kilobits per second or packets per second, depending on whether kbps or pktps was specified.

burst_size=size

If burst is specified for the meter entry, configures the maximum burst allowed for the band in kilobits or packets, depending on whether kbps or pktps was specified.  If unspecified, the switch is free to select some reasonable value depending on its configuration.

The following options are valid on POSIX based platforms.

--pidfile[=pidfile]

Causes a file (by default, ovs-ofctl.pid) to be created indicating the PID of the running process.  If the pidfile argument is not specified, or if it does not begin with /, then it is created in /var/run/openvswitch.

If --pidfile is not specified, no pidfile is created.

--overwrite-pidfile

By default, when --pidfile is specified and the specified pidfile  already exists and is locked by a running process, ovs-ofctl refuses  to start.  Specify --overwrite-pidfile to cause it to instead  overwrite the pidfile.

When --pidfile is not specified, this option has no effect.

--detach

Runs ovs-ofctl as a background process.  The process forks, and in the child it starts a new session, closes the standard file descriptors (which has the side effect of disabling logging to the console), and changes its current directory to the root (unless --no-chdir is specified).  After the child completes its initialization, the parent exits.  ovs-ofctl detaches only when executing the monitor or snoop commands.

--monitor

Creates an additional process to monitor the ovs-ofctl daemon.  If the daemon dies due to a signal that indicates a programming error (SIGABRT, SIGALRM, SIGBUS, SIGFPE, SIGILL, SIGPIPE, SIGSEGV, SIGXCPU, or SIGXFSZ) then the monitor process starts a new copy of it.  If the daemon dies or exits for another reason, the monitor process exits.

This option is normally used with --detach, but it also functions without it.

--no-chdir

By default, when --detach is specified, ovs-ofctl  changes its current working directory to the root directory after it  detaches.  Otherwise, invoking ovs-ofctl from a carelessly chosen  directory would prevent the administrator from unmounting the file  system that holds that directory.

Specifying --no-chdir suppresses this behavior, preventing ovs-ofctl from changing its current working directory.  This may be  useful for collecting core files, since it is common behavior to write  core dumps into the current working directory and the root directory  is not a good directory to use.

This option has no effect when --detach is not specified.

--no-self-confinement

By default daemon will try to self-confine itself to work with files under well-known directories determined during build.  It is better to stick with this default behavior and not to use this flag unless some other Access Control is used to confine daemon. Note that in contrast to other access control implementations that are typically enforced from kernel-space (e.g. DAC or MAC), self-confinement is imposed from the user-space daemon itself and hence should not be considered as a full confinement strategy, but instead should be viewed as an additional layer of security.

--user

Causes ovs-ofctl to run as a different user specified in "user:group", thus dropping most of the root privileges. Short forms "user" and ":group" are also allowed, with current user or group are assumed respectively. Only daemons started by the root user accepts this argument.

On Linux, daemons will be granted CAP_IPC_LOCK and CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICES before dropping root privileges. Daemons that interact with a datapath, such as ovs-vswitchd, will be granted three additional capabilities, namely CAP_NET_ADMIN, CAP_NET_BROADCAST and CAP_NET_RAW.  The capability change will apply even if the new user is root.

On Windows, this option is not currently supported. For security reasons, specifying this option will cause the daemon process not to start.

--unixctl=socket

Sets the name of the control socket on which ovs-ofctl listens for runtime management commands (see Runtime Management Commands, below).  If socket does not begin with /, it is interpreted as relative to /var/run/openvswitch.  If --unixctl is not used at all, the default socket is /var/run/openvswitch/ovs-ofctl.pid.ctl, where pid is ovs-ofctl's process ID.

On Windows a local named pipe is used to listen for runtime management commands.  A file is created in the absolute path as pointed by socket or if --unixctl is not used at all, a file is created as ovs-ofctl.ctl in the configured OVS_RUNDIR directory.  The file exists just to mimic the behavior of a Unix domain socket.

Specifying none for socket disables the control socket feature.

-p privkey.pem

--private-key=privkey.pem

Specifies a PEM file containing the private key used as ovs-ofctl's identity for outgoing SSL connections.

-c cert.pem

--certificate=cert.pem

Specifies a PEM file containing a certificate that certifies the private key specified on -p or --private-key to be trustworthy.  The certificate must be signed by the certificate authority (CA) that the peer in SSL connections will use to verify it.

-C cacert.pem

--ca-cert=cacert.pem

Specifies a PEM file containing the CA certificate that ovs-ofctl should use to verify certificates presented to it by SSL peers.  (This may be the same certificate that SSL peers use to verify the certificate specified on -c or --certificate, or it may be a different one, depending on the PKI design in use.)

-C none

--ca-cert=none

Disables verification of certificates presented by SSL peers.  This introduces a security risk, because it means that certificates cannot be verified to be those of known trusted hosts.

-v[spec]

--verbose=[spec]

Sets logging levels.  Without any spec, sets the log level for every module and destination to dbg.  Otherwise, spec is a list of words separated by spaces or commas or colons, up to one from each category below:

• A valid module name, as displayed by the vlog/list command on ovs-appctl(8), limits the log level change to the specified module.

• syslog, console, or file, to limit the log level change to only to the system log, to the console, or to a file, respectively.  (If --detach is specified, ovs-ofctl closes its standard file descriptors, so logging to the console will have no effect.)

  On Windows platform, syslog is accepted as a word and is only useful along with the --syslog-target option (the word has no effect otherwise).

• off, emer, err, warn, info, or dbg, to control the log level.  Messages of the given severity or higher will be logged, and messages of lower severity will be filtered out.  off filters out all messages.  See ovs-appctl(8) for a definition of each log level.

Case is not significant within spec.

Regardless of the log levels set for file, logging to a file will not take place unless --log-file is also specified (see below).

For compatibility with older versions of OVS, any is accepted as a word but has no effect.

-v

--verbose

Sets the maximum logging verbosity level, equivalent to --verbose=dbg.

-vPATTERN:destination:pattern

--verbose=PATTERN:destination:pattern

Sets the log pattern for destination to pattern.  Refer to ovs-appctl(8) for a description of the valid syntax for pattern.

-vFACILITY:facility

--verbose=FACILITY:facility

Sets the RFC5424 facility of the log message. facility can be one of kern, user, mail, daemon, auth, syslog, lpr, news, uucp, clock, ftp, ntp, audit, alert, clock2, local0, local1, local2, local3, local4, local5, local6 or local7. If this option is not specified, daemon is used as the default for the local system syslog and local0 is used while sending a message to the target provided via the --syslog-target option.

--log-file[=file]

Enables logging to a file.  If file is specified, then it is used as the exact name for the log file.  The default log file name used if file is omitted is /var/log/openvswitch/ovs-ofctl.log.

--syslog-target=host:port

Send syslog messages to UDP port on host, in addition to the system syslog.  The host must be a numerical IP address, not a hostname.

--syslog-method=method

Specify method how syslog messages should be sent to syslog daemon. Following forms are supported:

• libc, use libc syslog() function. Downside of using this options is that libc adds fixed prefix to every message before it is actually sent to the syslog daemon over /dev/log UNIX domain socket.
• unix:file, use UNIX domain socket directly.  It is possible to specify arbitrary message format with this option.  However, rsyslogd 8.9 and older versions use hard coded parser function anyway that limits UNIX domain socket use.  If you want to use arbitrary message format with older rsyslogd versions, then use UDP socket to localhost IP address instead.
• udp:ip:port, use UDP socket.  With this method it is possible to use arbitrary message format also with older rsyslogd. When sending syslog messages over UDP socket extra precaution needs to be taken into account, for example, syslog daemon needs to be configured to listen on the specified UDP port, accidental iptables rules could be interfering with local syslog traffic and there are some security considerations that apply to UDP sockets, but do not apply to UNIX domain sockets.
• null, discards all messages logged to syslog.

The default is taken from the OVS_SYSLOG_METHOD environment variable; if it is unset, the default is libc.

--color[=when]

Colorize the output (for some commands); when can be never, always, or auto (the default).

Only some commands support output coloring.  Color names and default colors may change in future releases.

The environment variable OVS_COLORS can be used to specify user-defined colors and other attributes used to highlight various parts of the output. If set, its value is a colon-separated list of capabilities that defaults to ac:01;31:dr=34:le=31:pm=36:pr=35:sp=33:vl=32. Supported capabilities were initially designed for coloring flows from ovs-ofctl dump-flows switch command, and they are as follows.

ac=01;31

SGR substring for actions= keyword in a flow. The default is a bold red text foreground.

dr=34

SGR substring for drop keyword. The default is a dark blue text foreground.

le=31

SGR substring for learn= keyword in a flow. The default is a red text foreground.

pm=36

SGR substring for flow match attribute names. The default is a cyan text foreground.

pr=35

SGR substring for keywords in a flow that are followed by arguments inside parenthesis. The default is a magenta text foreground.

sp=33

SGR substring for some special keywords in a flow, notably: table=, priority=, load:, output:, move:, group:, CONTROLLER:, set_field:, resubmit:, exit. The default is a yellow text foreground.

vl=32

SGR substring for a lone flow match attribute with no field name. The default is a green text foreground.

See the Select Graphic Rendition (SGR) section in the documentation of the text terminal that is used for permitted values and their meaning as character attributes.

-h

--help

Prints a brief help message to the console.

-V

--version

Prints version information to the console.