netstat - Man Page
Print network connections, routing tables, interface statistics, masquerade connections, and multicast memberships
Examples (TL;DR)
- List all ports:
netstat --all - List all listening ports:
netstat --listening - List listening TCP ports:
netstat --tcp - Display PID and program names:
netstat --program - List information continuously:
netstat --continuous - List routes and do not resolve IP addresses to hostnames:
netstat --route --numeric - List listening TCP and UDP ports (+ user and process if you're root):
netstat --listening --program --numeric --tcp --udp --extend
Synopsis
netstat [address_family_options] [--tcp|-t] [--udp|-u] [--udplite|-U] [--sctp|-S] [--raw|-w] [--l2cap|-2] [--rfcomm|-f] [--listening|-l] [--all|-a] [--numeric|-n] [--numeric-hosts] [--numeric-ports] [--numeric-users] [--symbolic|-N] [--extend|-e[--extend|-e]] [--timers|-o] [--program|-p] [--verbose|-v] [--continuous|-c] [--wide|-W] [delay]
netstat {--route|-r} [address_family_options] [--extend|-e[--extend|-e]] [--verbose|-v] [--numeric|-n] [--numeric-hosts] [--numeric-ports] [--numeric-users] [--continuous|-c] [delay]
netstat {--interfaces|-I|-i} [--all|-a] [--extend|-e] [--verbose|-v] [--program|-p] [--numeric|-n] [--numeric-hosts] [--numeric-ports] [--numeric-users] [--continuous|-c] [delay]
netstat {--groups|-g} [--numeric|-n] [--numeric-hosts] [--numeric-ports] [--numeric-users] [--continuous|-c] [delay]
netstat {--masquerade|-M} [--extend|-e] [--numeric|-n] [--numeric-hosts] [--numeric-ports] [--numeric-users] [--continuous|-c] [delay]
netstat {--statistics|-s} [--tcp|-t] [--udp|-u] [--udplite|-U] [--sctp|-S] [--raw|-w] [delay]
netstat {--version|-V}
netstat {--help|-h}
address_family_options:
[-4|--inet] [-6|--inet6] [--protocol={inet,inet6,unix,ipx,ax25,netrom,ddp,bluetooth, ... } ] [--unix|-x] [--inet|--ip|--tcpip] [--ax25] [--x25] [--rose] [--ash] [--bluetooth] [--ipx] [--netrom] [--ddp|--appletalk] [--econet|--ec]
Notes
This program is mostly obsolete. Replacement for netstat is ss. Replacement for netstat -r is ip route. Replacement for netstat -i is ip -s link. Replacement for netstat -g is ip maddr.
Description
Netstat prints information about the Linux networking subsystem. The type of information printed is controlled by the first argument, as follows:
(none)
By default, netstat displays a list of open sockets. If you don't specify any address families, then the active sockets of all configured address families will be printed.
--route, -r
Display the kernel routing tables. See the description in route(8) for details. netstat -r and route -e produce the same output.
--groups, -g
Display multicast group membership information for IPv4 and IPv6.
--interfaces=iface , -I=iface , -i
Display a table of all network interfaces, or the specified iface.
--masquerade, -M
Display a list of masqueraded connections.
--statistics, -s
Display summary statistics for each protocol.
Options
--verbose, -v
Tell the user what is going on by being verbose. Especially print some useful information about unconfigured address families.
--wide, -W
Do not truncate IP addresses by using output as wide as needed. This is optional for now to not break existing scripts.
--numeric, -n
Show numerical addresses instead of trying to determine symbolic host, port or user names.
--numeric-hosts
shows numerical host addresses but does not affect the resolution of port or user names.
--numeric-ports
shows numerical port numbers but does not affect the resolution of host or user names.
--numeric-users
shows numerical user IDs but does not affect the resolution of host or port names.
--protocol=family, -A
Specifies the address families (perhaps better described as low level protocols) for which connections are to be shown. family is a comma (',') separated list of address family keywords like inet, inet6, unix, ipx, ax25, netrom, econet, ddp, and bluetooth. This has the same effect as using the --inet|-4, --inet6|-6, --unix|-x, --ipx, --ax25, --netrom, --ddp, and --bluetooth options.
The address family inet (Iv4) includes raw, udp, udplite and tcp protocol sockets.
The address family bluetooth (Iv4) includes l2cap and rfcomm protocol sockets.
-c, --continuous
This will cause netstat to print the selected information every second continuously.
-e, --extend
Display additional information. Use this option twice for maximum detail.
-o, --timers
Include information related to networking timers.
-p, --program
Show the PID and name of the program to which each socket belongs.
-l, --listening
Show only listening sockets. (These are omitted by default.)
-a, --all
Show both listening and non-listening (for TCP this means established connections) sockets. With the --interfaces option, show interfaces that are not up
-f
Print routing information from the FIB. (This is the default.)
-c
Print routing information from the route cache.
delay
Netstat will cycle printing through statistics every delay seconds.
Output
Active Internet connections (TCP, UDP, UDPLite, raw)
Proto
The protocol (tcp, udp, udpl, raw) used by the socket.
Recv-Q
Established: The count of bytes not copied by the user program connected to this socket. Listening: Since Kernel 2.6.18 this column contains the current syn backlog.
Send-Q
Established: The count of bytes not acknowledged by the remote host. Listening: Since Kernel 2.6.18 this column contains the maximum size of the syn backlog.
Local Address
Address and port number of the local end of the socket. Unless the --numeric (-n) option is specified, the socket address is resolved to its canonical host name (FQDN), and the port number is translated into the corresponding service name.
Foreign Address
Address and port number of the remote end of the socket. Analogous to "Local Address".
State
The state of the socket. Since there are no states in raw mode and usually no states used in UDP and UDPLite, this column may be left blank. Normally this can be one of several values:
- ESTABLISHED
The socket has an established connection.
- SYN_SENT
The socket is actively attempting to establish a connection.
- SYN_RECV
A connection request has been received from the network.
- FIN_WAIT1
The socket is closed, and the connection is shutting down.
- FIN_WAIT2
Connection is closed, and the socket is waiting for a shutdown from the remote end.
- TIME_WAIT
The socket is waiting after close to handle packets still in the network.
- CLOSE
The socket is not being used.
- CLOSE_WAIT
The remote end has shut down, waiting for the socket to close.
- LAST_ACK
The remote end has shut down, and the socket is closed. Waiting for acknowledgement.
- LISTEN
The socket is listening for incoming connections. Such sockets are not included in the output unless you specify the --listening (-l) or --all (-a) option.
- CLOSING
Both sockets are shut down but we still don't have all our data sent.
- UNKNOWN
The state of the socket is unknown.
User
The username or the user id (UID) of the owner of the socket.
PID/Program name
Slash-separated pair of the process id (PID) and process name of the process that owns the socket. --program causes this column to be included. You will also need superuser privileges to see this information on sockets you don't own. This identification information is not yet available for IPX sockets.
Timer
TCP timer associated with this socket. The format is timer(a/b/c). The timer is one of the following values:
- off
There is no timer set for this socket.
- on
The retransmission timer is active for the socket.
- keepalive
The keepalive timer is active for the socket.
- timewait
The connection is closing and the timewait timer is active for the socket.
The values in the brackets:
- a
Timer value.
- b
Number of retransmissions sent.
- c
Number of keepalives sent.
Active UNIX domain Sockets
Proto
The protocol (usually unix) used by the socket.
RefCnt
The reference count (i.e. attached processes via this socket).
Flags
The flags displayed is SO_ACCEPTON (displayed as ACC), SO_WAITDATA (W) or SO_NOSPACE (N). SO_ACCECPTON is used on unconnected sockets if their corresponding processes are waiting for a connect request. The other flags are not of normal interest.
Type
There are several types of socket access:
- SOCK_DGRAM
The socket is used in Datagram (connectionless) mode.
- SOCK_STREAM
This is a stream (connection) socket.
- SOCK_RAW
The socket is used as a raw socket.
- SOCK_RDM
This one serves reliably-delivered messages.
- SOCK_SEQPACKET
This is a sequential packet socket.
- SOCK_PACKET
Raw interface access socket.
- UNKNOWN
Who ever knows what the future will bring us - just fill in here :-)
State
This field will contain one of the following Keywords:
- FREE
The socket is not allocated
- LISTENING
The socket is listening for a connection request. Such sockets are only included in the output if you specify the --listening (-l) or --all (-a) option.
- CONNECTING
The socket is about to establish a connection.
- CONNECTED
The socket is connected.
- DISCONNECTING
The socket is disconnecting.
- (empty)
The socket is not connected to another one.
- UNKNOWN
This state should never happen.
PID/Program name
Process ID (PID) and process name of the process that has the socket open. More info available in Active Internet connections section written above.
Path
This is the path name as which the corresponding processes attached to the socket.
Active IPX sockets
(this needs to be done by somebody who knows it)
Active NET/ROM sockets
(this needs to be done by somebody who knows it)
Active AX.25 sockets
(this needs to be done by somebody who knows it)
Files
/etc/services -- The services translation file
/proc -- Mount point for the proc filesystem, which gives access to kernel status information via the following files.
/proc/net/dev -- device information
/proc/net/raw -- raw socket information
/proc/net/tcp -- TCP socket information
/proc/net/udp -- UDP socket information
/proc/net/udplite -- UDPLite socket information
/proc/net/igmp -- IGMP multicast information
/proc/net/unix -- Unix domain socket information
/proc/net/ipx -- IPX socket information
/proc/net/ax25 -- AX25 socket information
/proc/net/appletalk -- DDP (appletalk) socket information
/proc/net/nr -- NET/ROM socket information
/proc/net/route -- IP routing information
/proc/net/ax25_route -- AX25 routing information
/proc/net/ipx_route -- IPX routing information
/proc/net/nr_nodes -- NET/ROM nodelist
/proc/net/nr_neigh -- NET/ROM neighbours
/proc/net/ip_masquerade -- masqueraded connections
/sys/kernel/debug/bluetooth/l2cap -- Bluetooth L2CAP information
/sys/kernel/debug/bluetooth/rfcomm -- Bluetooth serial connections
/proc/net/snmp -- statistics
See Also
Bugs
Occasionally strange information may appear if a socket changes as it is viewed. This is unlikely to occur.
Authors
The netstat user interface was written by Fred Baumgarten <dc6iq@insu1.etec.uni-karlsruhe.de>, the man page basically by Matt Welsh <mdw@tc.cornell.edu>. It was updated by Alan Cox <Alan.Cox@linux.org>, updated again by Tuan Hoang <tqhoang@bigfoot.com>. The man page and the command included in the net-tools package is totally rewritten by Bernd Eckenfels <ecki@linux.de>. UDPLite options were added by Brian Micek <bmicek@gmail.com>
Referenced By
bmon(8), icmp(7), netcap(8), nethogs(8), netmask(1), networks(5), proc(5), proc_pid_net(5), route(8), socklist(8), traceroute(8), ttyplot(1), watch(1).