cmake-compile-features - Man Page

CMake Compile Features Reference

Introduction

Project source code may depend on, or be conditional on, the availability of certain features of the compiler.  There are three use-cases which arise: Compile Feature Requirements, Optional Compile Features and Conditional Compilation Options.

While features are typically specified in programming language standards, CMake provides a primary user interface based on granular handling of the features, not the language standard that introduced the feature.

The CMAKE_C_KNOWN_FEATURES, CMAKE_CUDA_KNOWN_FEATURES, and CMAKE_CXX_KNOWN_FEATURES global properties contain all the features known to CMake, regardless of compiler support for the feature. The CMAKE_C_COMPILE_FEATURES, CMAKE_CUDA_COMPILE_FEATURES , and CMAKE_CXX_COMPILE_FEATURES variables contain all features CMake knows are known to the compiler, regardless of language standard or compile flags needed to use them.

Features known to CMake are named mostly following the same convention as the Clang feature test macros.  There are some exceptions, such as CMake using cxx_final and cxx_override instead of the single cxx_override_control used by Clang.

Note that there are no separate compile features properties or variables for the OBJC or OBJCXX languages.  These are based off C or C++ respectively, so the properties and variables for their corresponding base language should be used instead.

Compile Feature Requirements

Compile feature requirements may be specified with the target_compile_features() command.  For example, if a target must be compiled with compiler support for the cxx_constexpr feature:

add_library(mylib requires_constexpr.cpp)
target_compile_features(mylib PRIVATE cxx_constexpr)

In processing the requirement for the cxx_constexpr feature, cmake(1) will ensure that the in-use C++ compiler is capable of the feature, and will add any necessary flags such as -std=gnu++11 to the compile lines of C++ files in the mylib target.  A FATAL_ERROR is issued if the compiler is not capable of the feature.

The exact compile flags and language standard are deliberately not part of the user interface for this use-case.  CMake will compute the appropriate compile flags to use by considering the features specified for each target.

Such compile flags are added even if the compiler supports the particular feature without the flag. For example, the GNU compiler supports variadic templates (with a warning) even if -std=gnu++98 is used.  CMake adds the -std=gnu++11 flag if cxx_variadic_templates is specified as a requirement.

In the above example, mylib requires cxx_constexpr when it is built itself, but consumers of mylib are not required to use a compiler which supports cxx_constexpr.  If the interface of mylib does require the cxx_constexpr feature (or any other known feature), that may be specified with the PUBLIC or INTERFACE signatures of target_compile_features():

add_library(mylib requires_constexpr.cpp)
# cxx_constexpr is a usage-requirement
target_compile_features(mylib PUBLIC cxx_constexpr)

# main.cpp will be compiled with -std=gnu++11 on GNU for cxx_constexpr.
add_executable(myexe main.cpp)
target_link_libraries(myexe mylib)

Feature requirements are evaluated transitively by consuming the link implementation.  See cmake-buildsystem(7) for more on transitive behavior of build properties and usage requirements.

Requiring Language Standards

In projects that use a large number of commonly available features from a particular language standard (e.g. C++ 11) one may specify a meta-feature (e.g. cxx_std_11) that requires use of a compiler mode that is at minimum aware of that standard, but could be greater. This is simpler than specifying all the features individually, but does not guarantee the existence of any particular feature. Diagnosis of use of unsupported features will be delayed until compile time.

For example, if C++ 11 features are used extensively in a project's header files, then clients must use a compiler mode that is no less than C++ 11.  This can be requested with the code:

target_compile_features(mylib PUBLIC cxx_std_11)

In this example, CMake will ensure the compiler is invoked in a mode of at-least C++ 11 (or C++ 14, C++ 17, ...), adding flags such as -std=gnu++11 if necessary.  This applies to sources within mylib as well as any dependents (that may include headers from mylib).

NOTE:

If the compiler's default standard level is at least that of the requested feature, CMake may omit the -std= flag. The flag may still be added if the compiler's default extensions mode does not match the <LANG>_EXTENSIONS target property, or if the <LANG>_STANDARD target property is set.

Availability of Compiler Extensions

The <LANG>_EXTENSIONS target property defaults to the compiler's default (see CMAKE_<LANG>_EXTENSIONS_DEFAULT). Note that because most compilers enable extensions by default, this may expose portability bugs in user code or in the headers of third-party dependencies.

<LANG>_EXTENSIONS used to default to ON. See CMP0128.

Optional Compile Features

Compile features may be preferred if available, without creating a hard requirement.   This can be achieved by not specifying features with target_compile_features() and instead checking the compiler capabilities with preprocessor conditions in project code.

In this use-case, the project may wish to establish a particular language standard if available from the compiler, and use preprocessor conditions to detect the features actually available.  A language standard may be established by Requiring Language Standards using target_compile_features() with meta-features like cxx_std_11, or by setting the CXX_STANDARD target property or CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD variable.

See also policy CMP0120 and legacy documentation on Example Usage of the deprecated WriteCompilerDetectionHeader module.

Conditional Compilation Options

Libraries may provide entirely different header files depending on requested compiler features.

For example, a header at with_variadics/interface.h may contain:

template<int I, int... Is>
struct Interface;

template<int I>
struct Interface<I>
{
  static int accumulate()
  {
    return I;
  }
};

template<int I, int... Is>
struct Interface
{
  static int accumulate()
  {
    return I + Interface<Is...>::accumulate();
  }
};

while a header at no_variadics/interface.h may contain:

template<int I1, int I2 = 0, int I3 = 0, int I4 = 0>
struct Interface
{
  static int accumulate() { return I1 + I2 + I3 + I4; }
};

It may be possible to write an abstraction interface.h header containing something like:

#ifdef HAVE_CXX_VARIADIC_TEMPLATES
#include "with_variadics/interface.h"
#else
#include "no_variadics/interface.h"
#endif

However this could be unmaintainable if there are many files to abstract. What is needed is to use alternative include directories depending on the compiler capabilities.

CMake provides a COMPILE_FEATURES generator expression to implement such conditions.  This may be used with the build-property commands such as target_include_directories() and target_link_libraries() to set the appropriate buildsystem properties:

add_library(foo INTERFACE)
set(with_variadics ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/with_variadics)
set(no_variadics ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/no_variadics)
target_include_directories(foo
  INTERFACE
    "$<$<COMPILE_FEATURES:cxx_variadic_templates>:${with_variadics}>"
    "$<$<NOT:$<COMPILE_FEATURES:cxx_variadic_templates>>:${no_variadics}>"
  )

Consuming code then simply links to the foo target as usual and uses the feature-appropriate include directory

add_executable(consumer_with consumer_with.cpp)
target_link_libraries(consumer_with foo)
set_property(TARGET consumer_with CXX_STANDARD 11)

add_executable(consumer_no consumer_no.cpp)
target_link_libraries(consumer_no foo)

Supported Compilers

CMake is currently aware of the C++ standards and compile features available from the following compiler ids as of the versions specified for each:

CMake is currently aware of the C standards and compile features available from the following compiler ids as of the versions specified for each:

CMake is currently aware of the C++ standards and their associated meta-features (e.g. cxx_std_11) available from the following compiler ids as of the versions specified for each:

CMake is currently aware of the C standards and their associated meta-features (e.g. c_std_99) available from the following compiler ids as of the versions specified for each:

CMake is currently aware of the CUDA standards and their associated meta-features (e.g. cuda_std_11) available from the following compiler ids as of the versions specified for each:

Language Standard Flags

In order to satisfy requirements specified by the target_compile_features() command or the CMAKE_<LANG>_STANDARD variable, CMake may pass a language standard flag to the compiler, such as -std=c++11.

For Visual Studio Generators, CMake cannot precisely control the placement of the language standard flag on the compiler command line. For Ninja Generators, Makefile Generators, and Xcode, CMake places the language standard flag just after the language-wide flags from CMAKE_<LANG>_FLAGS and CMAKE_<LANG>_FLAGS_<CONFIG>.

Changed in version 3.26: The language standard flag is placed before flags specified by other abstractions such as the target_compile_options() command. Prior to CMake 3.26, the language standard flag was placed after them.

Referenced By

cmake-commands(7), cmake-generator-expressions(7), cmake-modules(7), cmake-policies(7), cmake-properties(7), cmake-variables(7).

Jul 17, 2024 3.28.3 CMake