csv2_txt - Man Page

Due to the complexity of TXT and RAW records, this man page is  dedicated to describing the csv2 format of this RR.

TXT and RAW rrs in MaraDNS' csv2 zone files can store any arbitrary  binary data. Additionally, it is possible to arbitrarily divide up TXT  records in to chunks (chunks, which RFC1035 call "character-string"s,  are described below).

ASCII AND UTF-8 DATA

If a given TXT field or RAW record contains only ASCII data, creating a  record is easy: Place the full data between single quotes, like this:

a.example.com. TXT 'This is some text' ~

It is also possible, to place almost any printable ASCII characters  between quotes. The '~' (tilde) character is not allowed unless  csv2_tilde_handling has a value of 0; the '|' (pipe), '#'  (hash) and non-printable ASCII control characters are not allowed in  TXT data if the ~ is used to separate records. If there are any bytes  with a value of 0x80 or more, the data must be UTF-8 encoded Unicode.   For example:

b.example.com. TXT 'This is an example UTF-8 character: I ♥ MaraDNS'

(If your font does not have this Unicode symbol, it is a heart)  

The printable ASCII characters not allowed in quotes are the '  character, the '|' character, the '~' (tilde) character,  and the '#' character. See BACKSLASH ESCAPE SEQUENCES below for  information on adding these characters to TXT or RAW fields.

UNQUOTED DATA

Note that the record does not have to be quoted. As long as the record  only contains ASCII alphanumeric data, and/or the characters '-',  '_', '+', '%', '!', '^', and '=',  the data can be unquoted as follows:

c.example.com. TXT This_is_100%_unquoted_text_+symbols!

It is also possible to mix quoted and unquoted text, such as this:

d.example.com. TXT This' is a mix 'of_unquoted' and quoted 'text!

Which will have its data look like this:

This is a mix of_unquoted and quoted text!

When mixing quoted and unquoted data, it is important to have all  whitespace inside quotes.

BACKSLASH ESCAPE SEQUENCES

In order to accommodate storing non-UTF-8 high bit characters, the  single quote character, non-printable ASCII control codes, the  '|', '~', and '#' characters, and to permit  multi-line TXT/RAW records (with comments allowed mid-record), the  TXT/RAW RR allows backslashes. These backslashes only have significance outside of quoted text; if they are placed inside single quotes, they are not  interpreted and result in a literal backslash being added to the  resource record data.

The following characters can be backslashed:  

'

When backslashed, the adds a literal quote to the resource record.

whitespace

When any whitespace is backslashed (space, newline, cr, and tab), this  indicates that the record has not ended, and that more data for this  resource will follow. This also allows comments to be placed in TXT and  RAW resource records. What happens is that the backslash indicates that  any whitespace characters (space, tab, carriage return, and line feed)  are to be ignored until the next non-whitespace character that is not a  # (hash). If a # is seen, this indicates that we ignore any and all  characters until the next carriage return or line feed, and continue to  ignore everything until the next non-whitespace character. See the  section on multi-line and commented records for examples.

0123

When a number between 0 and 3 is backslashed, this indicates the  beginning of a three-digit octal number.

x

When an x is backslashed, this indicates the beginning of a two-digit  hexadecimal number.

Note that, with the exception of the single quote, the backslash  character is not used to remove the meta-significance of a given character. In  particular, unlike other environments, it is not possible to backslash  spaces. Spaces can be represented either as ' ' in quotes, \x20,  or as \040.

Here are some examples of backslashed data. In this example, we see  backslash sequences being used to store non-UTF-8 hi-bit data:

e.example.com. TXT \x80\x81\x82\x83 ~

This same data can also be created as follows:

f.example.com. TXT \200\201\202\203 ~

Octal and hex information can be mixed:

g.example.com. TXT \200\x81\202\x83 ~

Literal single quotes can be placed in resource records:

h.example.com. TXT 'perl -e '\''print "A Perl of a TXT record!\n"'\' ~

The above example produces this record:

perl -e 'print "A Perl of a TXT record!\n"' ~

To render the '~' character, use the escape sequence \x7e  (outside of quotes). For example:

h1.example.com. TXT 'http://ocf.berkeley.edu/'\x7e'set' ~

Produces this record:

http://ocf.berkeley.edu/~set

To render the '|' character, use the escape sequence \x7c:

h2.example.com. TXT 'ls '\x7c' more' ~

Produces this record:

ls | more

To render the '#' character, use the escape sequence \x23:

h3.example.com. TXT 'Press '\x23' for customer service' ~

Produces this record:

Press # for customer service

MULTI-LINE AND COMMENTED RECORDS

By utilizing backslashes followed by comments, it is possible to have  multi-line and commented TXT and RAW records. The following resource  record will span more than one line on an 80-column display:

i.example.com. TXT 'Not only did the quick brown fox jump over the lazy dog, but the lazy dog jumped over the cat.' ~

Without affecting this resource record, the same data can be split over  multiple lines:

j.example.com. TXT 'Not only did the quick brown fox jump '\ 
                   'over the lazy dog, but the lazy dog'\ 
                   ' jumped over the cat.' ~

Some points:  

• The backslash must be outsize of the quotes (or a literal backslash  will be added to the record)
• The backslash must be present before any unquoted white space. Usually, the backslash is placed immediately  after the quote character.
• Unlike other environments, it does not matter whether or not there is  invisible whitespace after the backslash.

It is also possible to add comments after such a backslash as follows:

k.example.com. TXT 'Not only did the quick brown fox jump '\ # The fox 
                   'over the lazy dog, but the lazy dog'\    # The dog 
                   ' jumped over the cat.' ~                 # The cat

Note that, since the third comment is not preceded by a backslash, this  indicates the end of the resource record.

There can also be multiple lines dedicated to comments (and,  optionally, even blank lines) in the middle of TXT and RAW record data:

k2.example.com. TXT 'This is some data '\ 
# Here we have some comments followed by a blank line 
 
# Now we have some more comments,  
# followed by the rest of the data 
    'and this is the rest of the data' ~

MULTIPLE TXT CHUNKS

TXT RRs may be divided up in to multiple "chunks" (RFC1035 calls these  "character-string"s). A single chunk can be anywhere from zero to 255  bytes long. The default is to have one chunk, as follows:

o.example.com. TXT 'TXT record with only one chunk' ~

It is also possible to have a record with multiple chunks. Chunks are  delimited by an unquoted ';' character:

p.example.com. TXT 'This is chunk one';'This is chunk two' ~

Or:

q.example.com. TXT 'This is chunk one';\   # Our first chunk 
                    This_is_chunk_two;\    # Our second chunk 
                   'This is chunk three' ~ # Our final chunk

Quoted ; characters simply add a ; to the record data.

If a single TXT chunk is longer than 255 bytes long, the csv2 parser  will report an error in the zone file: Single TXT chunk too long

In order to resolve this, place unquoted ; characters in the record  data so that each chunk is under 255 octets (bytes or characters) in  length.

It is possible to have zero length chunks:

r.example.com. TXT 'chunk one';;'chunk three' ~ # Chunk two zero-length

In particular, is is possible to have zero length chunks at the  beginning and end of a TXT record:

s.example.com. TXT ;'chunk two'; ~ # Chunks one and three zero-length

Do not place semicolons at the beginning nor end of TXT records unless  you wish to have these zero-length chunks.

Chunk support only exists for TXT records. An unquoted ; character will  cause a syntax error in a RAW record.

RAW RECORDS

With the exception of no support for chunk delimiters, and the addition  of a numeric record type before the record data, the format for RAW  records is identical to text records. For example, if we wish to have a  "Kitchen Sink" RR record, which has the 8-bit binary numbers "16", "1",  and "2", followed by the ASCII string "Kitchen sink+ data", we can  specify this in any of the following manners:

t1.example.com. RAW 40 \x10\x01\x02'Kitchen sink'\x2b' data' ~

t.example.com. RAW 40 \020\001\002Kitchen' sink+ data' ~

u.example.com. RAW 40 \x10\x01\x02Kitchen\x20sink+\x20data ~

v.example.com. RAW 40 \x10\001\x02\ 
                      'Kitchen sink+ data' ~

w.example.com. RAW 40 \x10\ # Meaning: 16 
                      \x01\ # Coding: 1 
                      \x02\ # Sub-coding: 2 
                      'Kitchen sink+ data' ~ # Data: 'Kitchen sink+ data'

DKIM RECORDS

DKIM is a format used to store e-mail authentication data via DNS.

MaraDNS can store a 2048-bit RSA DKIM key. Longer keys are not  supported because of the 512-byte limit for traditional DNS packets.

A DKIM record is a long “multi chunk” TXT record; DKIM records are  stored in a special _domainkey.example.com record. As per RFC6376  section 3.6.2.2, “Strings in a TXT RR MUST be concatenated together  before use with no intervening whitespace”; a single TXT “chunk” can  only be up to 255 bytes in length, but we need more than 255 bytes to  store a 2048 bit RSA key (6 bits per character, so we need 342  characters to store just the key) and a little more overhead to store  the other bits in our DKIM record. But, it doesn’t matter where we  split the chunks as long as each individual chunk is under 256 bytes in  size.

Here is a real-world DKIM key stored in a MaraDNS zone file:

x._domainkey.% +600 TXT 'v=DKIM1; k=rsa; '\   
'p=MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCg'\   
'KCAQEAuhKjx2Aepa3rllxUEZLgF3x'\   
'68SWvZ8pEgnjZvxtqp94Vkra3AUC4C8dRLKf5SvT'\   
'xFtIl6pF27jn+M/w2MzYwPFjBgqVf'\   
'p2lf7xuKsrus63m0T9Sq958nIt1yuUlLDr71bFs7'\   
'ZuZyQid0ciCc2JF5lwHno10cAvuNJ';'y1Q'\   
'tFJa+lRJI6/kzY20Hi/ZTzFzctqgqaRZnSoJlTZHf'\    
'Oy0uwfmF5ejkJ8xvHbEJp6TEc'\   
'30DwsqrjVWSFLnUWYBv7lrAPB9sAHN7fCayhEuORn'\   
'Ap+YUhjjMPWyPla1pvTS9h/LTE7g'\   
'2d+jR/zOkRpV2Ak/4KpeP9dpsRJEOsPEaWGG1pQXgPw'\  
'IDAQAB'

THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHORS ''AS IS'' AND ANY  EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE  IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR  PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR CONTRIBUTORS  BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR  CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF  SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR  BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY,  WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR  OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF  ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

Sam Trenholme http://www.samiam.org/  

csv2(5).