krb5_introduction - Man Page

All functions are documented in manual pages. This section tries to give an overview of the major components used in Kerberos library, and point to where to look for a specific function.

This example contains parts of a sample TCP Kerberos 5 clients, if you want a real working client, please look in appl/test directory in the Heimdal distribution.

All Kerberos error-codes that are returned from kerberos functions in this program are passed to krb5_err, that will print a descriptive text of the error code and exit. Graphical programs can convert error-code to a human readable error-string with the krb5_get_error_message() function.

Note that you should not use any Kerberos function before krb5_init_context() have completed successfully. That is the reason err() is used when krb5_init_context() fails.

First the client needs to call krb5_init_context to initialise the Kerberos 5 library. This is only needed once per thread in the program. If the function returns a non-zero value it indicates that either the Kerberos implementation is failing or it's disabled on this host.

#include <krb5.h>

int
main(int argc, char **argv)
{
        krb5_context context;

        if (krb5_init_context(&context))
                errx (1, "krb5_context");

Now the client wants to connect to the host at the other end. The preferred way of doing this is using getaddrinfo (for operating system that have this function implemented), since getaddrinfo is neutral to the address type and can use any protocol that is available.

struct addrinfo *ai, *a;
struct addrinfo hints;
int error;

memset (&hints, 0, sizeof(hints));
hints.ai_socktype = SOCK_STREAM;
hints.ai_protocol = IPPROTO_TCP;

error = getaddrinfo (hostname, "pop3", &hints, &ai);
if (error)
        errx (1, "%s: %s", hostname, gai_strerror(error));

for (a = ai; a != NULL; a = a->ai_next) {
        int s;

        s = socket (a->ai_family, a->ai_socktype, a->ai_protocol);
        if (s < 0)
                continue;
        if (connect (s, a->ai_addr, a->ai_addrlen) < 0) {
                warn ("connect(%s)", hostname);
                    close (s);
                    continue;
        }
        freeaddrinfo (ai);
        ai = NULL;
}
if (ai) {
            freeaddrinfo (ai);
            errx ("failed to contact %s", hostname);
}

Before authenticating, an authentication context needs to be created. This context keeps all information for one (to be) authenticated connection (see krb5_auth_context).

status = krb5_auth_con_init (context, &auth_context);
if (status)
        krb5_err (context, 1, status, "krb5_auth_con_init");

For setting the address in the authentication there is a help function krb5_auth_con_setaddrs_from_fd() that does everything that is needed when given a connected file descriptor to the socket.

status = krb5_auth_con_setaddrs_from_fd (context,
                                         auth_context,
                                         &sock);
if (status)
        krb5_err (context, 1, status,
                  "krb5_auth_con_setaddrs_from_fd");

The next step is to build a server principal for the service we want to connect to. (See also krb5_sname_to_principal().)

status = krb5_sname_to_principal (context,
                                  hostname,
                                  service,
                                  KRB5_NT_SRV_HST,
                                  &server);
if (status)
        krb5_err (context, 1, status, "krb5_sname_to_principal");

The client principal is not passed to krb5_sendauth() function, this causes the krb5_sendauth() function to try to figure it out itself.

The server program is using the function krb5_recvauth() to receive the Kerberos 5 authenticator.

In this case, mutual authentication will be tried. That means that the server will authenticate to the client. Using mutual authentication is required to avoid man-in-the-middle attacks, since it enables the user to verify that they are talking to the right server (a server that knows the key).

If you are using a non-blocking socket you will need to do all work of krb5_sendauth() yourself. Basically you need to send over the authenticator from krb5_mk_req() and, in case of mutual authentication, verifying the result from the server with krb5_rd_rep().

status = krb5_sendauth (context,
                        &auth_context,
                        &sock,
                        VERSION,
                        NULL,
                        server,
                        AP_OPTS_MUTUAL_REQUIRED,
                        NULL,
                        NULL,
                        NULL,
                        NULL,
                        NULL,
                        NULL);
if (status)
        krb5_err (context, 1, status, "krb5_sendauth");

Once authentication has been performed, it is time to send some data. First we create a krb5_data structure, then we sign it with krb5_mk_safe() using the auth_context that contains the session-key that was exchanged in the krb5_sendauth()/krb5_recvauth() authentication sequence.

data.data   = "hej";
data.length = 3;

krb5_data_zero (&packet);

status = krb5_mk_safe (context,
                       auth_context,
                       &data,
                       &packet,
                       NULL);
if (status)
        krb5_err (context, 1, status, "krb5_mk_safe");

And send it over the network.

len = packet.length;
net_len = htonl(len);

if (krb5_net_write (context, &sock, &net_len, 4) != 4)
        err (1, "krb5_net_write");
if (krb5_net_write (context, &sock, packet.data, len) != len)
        err (1, "krb5_net_write");

To send encrypted (and signed) data krb5_mk_priv() should be used instead. krb5_mk_priv() works the same way as krb5_mk_safe(), with the exception that it encrypts the data in addition to signing it.

data.data   = "hemligt";
data.length = 7;

krb5_data_free (&packet);

status = krb5_mk_priv (context,
                       auth_context,
                       &data,
                       &packet,
                       NULL);
if (status)
        krb5_err (context, 1, status, "krb5_mk_priv");

And send it over the network.

len = packet.length;
net_len = htonl(len);

if (krb5_net_write (context, &sock, &net_len, 4) != 4)
        err (1, "krb5_net_write");
if (krb5_net_write (context, &sock, packet.data, len) != len)
        err (1, "krb5_net_write");

The server is using krb5_rd_safe() and krb5_rd_priv() to verify the signature and decrypt the packet.

See the manual page for krb5_verify_user().

This section is somewhat disorganised, but so far there is no overall structure to the differences, though some of the have their root in that Heimdal uses an ASN.1 compiler and MIT doesn't.