twine - Man Page

• Resolve DeprecationWarnings when extracting twine metadata. (#1115)
• Fix bug for Repository URLs with auth where the port was lost. When attempting to prevent printing authentication credentials in URLs provided with username and password, we did not properly handle the case where the URL also contains a port (when reconstructing the URL). This is now handled and tested to ensure no regressions. (#fix-repo-urls-with-auth-and-port)

• Add the experimental --attestations flag. (#1095)

• #1104

• Use email.message instead of cgi as cgi has been deprecated (#969)

• #931, #991, #1028, #1040

• Remove deprecated function to fix twine check with pkginfo 1.9.0. (#941)

• Improve logging when keyring fails. (#890)
• Reconfigure root logger to show all log messages. (#896)

• Drop support for Python 3.6. (#869)
• Use Rich to add color to upload output. (#851)
• Use Rich to add color to check output. (#874)
• Use Rich instead of tqdm for upload progress bar. (#877)

• Remove Twine's dependencies from the User-Agent header when uploading. (#871)
• Improve detection of disabled BLAKE2 hashing due to FIPS mode. (#879)
• Restore warning for missing long_description. (#887)

• Add --verbose logging for querying keyring credentials. (#849)
• Log all upload responses with --verbose. (#859)
• Show more helpful error message for invalid metadata. (#861)

• Require a recent version of urllib3. (#858)

• Fix broken link to packaging tutorial. (#844)

• Add support for core metadata version 2.2, defined in PEP 643. (#833)

• Add support for Python 3.10. (#827)

• Show more helpful messages for invalid passwords. (#815)
• Allow the --skip-existing option to work with GCP Artifact Registry. (#823)

• Add a helpful error message when an upload fails due to missing a trailing slash in the URL. (#812)
• Generalize --verbose suggestion when an upload fails. (#817)

• Improve error message for unsupported metadata. (#755)
• Improve error message for a missing config file. (#770)
• Do not include md5_digest or blake2_256_digest if FIPS mode is enabled on the host. This removes those fields from the metadata before sending the metadata to the repository. (#776)

• Fix a regression that was causing some namespace packages with dots in them fail to upload to PyPI. (#745)

• Prefer importlib.metadata for entry point handling. (#728)
• Rely on importlib_metadata 3.6 for nicer entry point processing. (#732)
• Eliminate dependency on setuptools/pkg_resources and replace with packaging and importlib_metadata. (#736)

• Print files to be uploaded using upload --verbose (#670)
• Print configuration file location when using upload --verbose (#675)
• Print source and values of credentials when using upload --verbose (#685)
• Add support for Python 3.9 (#708)
• Turn warnings into errors when using check --strict (#715)

• Make password optional when using upload --client-cert (#678)
• Support more Nexus versions with upload --skip-existing (#693)
• Support Gitlab Enterprise with upload --skip-existing (#698)
• Show a better error message for malformed files (#714)

• Adopt PSF code of conduct (#680)
• Adopt towncrier for the changleog (#718)

• Improve display of HTTP errors during upload (#666)
• Print packages and signatures to be uploaded when using --verbose option (#652)
• Use red text when printing errors on the command line (#649)
• Require repository URL scheme to be http or https (#602)
• Add type annotations, checked with mypy, with PEP 561 support for users of Twine's API (#231)

• Update URL to .pypirc specification (#655)
• Don't raise an exception when Python version can't be parsed from filename (#612)
• Fix inaccurate retry message during upload (#611)
• Clarify error messages for archive format (#601)

• Restore --non-interactive as a flag not expecting an argument. (#548)

• Add support for specifying --non-interactive as an environment variable. (#547)

• When a client certificate is indicated, all password processing is disabled. (#336)
• Add --non-interactive flag to abort upload rather than interactively prompt if credentials are missing. (#489)
• Twine now unconditionally requires the keyring library and no longer supports uninstalling keyring as a means to disable that functionality. Instead, use keyring --disable keyring functionality if necessary. (#524)
• Add Python 3.8 to classifiers. (#518)

• More robust handling of server response in --skip-existing (#332)

• Twine now requires Python 3.6 or later. Use pip 9 or pin to "twine<2" to install twine on older Python versions. (#437)

• Require requests 2.20 or later to avoid reported security vulnerabilities in earlier releases. (#491)

• Improved output on check command: Prints a message when there are no distributions given to check. Improved handling of errors in a distribution's markup, avoiding messages flowing through to the next distribution's errors. (#488)

• Show Warehouse URL after uploading a package (#459)
• Better error handling and gpg2 fallback if gpg not available. (#456)
• Now provide a more meaningful error on redirect during upload. (#310)

• Fail more gracefully when encountering bad metadata (#341)

• Add disable_progress_bar option to disable tqdm. (#427)
• Allow defining an empty username and password in .pypirc. (#426)
• Support keyring.get_credential. (#419)
• Support keyring.get_username_and_password. (#418)
• Add Python 3.7 to classifiers. (#416)

• Restore prompts while retaining support for suppressing prompts. (#452)
• Avoid requests-toolbelt to 0.9.0 to prevent attempting to use openssl when it isn't available. (#447)
• Use io.StringIO instead of StringIO. (#444)
• Only install pyblake2 if needed. (#441)
• Use modern Python language features. (#436)
• Specify python_requires in setup.py (#435)
• Use https URLs everywhere. (#432)
• Fix --skip-existing for Nexus Repos. (#428)
• Remove unnecessary usage of readme_render.markdown. (#421)
• Don't crash if there's no package description. (#412)
• Fix keyring support. (#408)

• Refactor tox env and travis config. (#439)

• Fix regression with upload exit code (#404)

• Add twine check command to check long description (#395)
• Drop support for Python 3.3 (#392)
• Empower --skip-existing for Artifactory repositories (#363)

• Avoid MD5 when Python is compiled in FIPS mode (#367)

• Remove PyPI as default register package index. (#320)
• Support Metadata 2.1 (PEP 566), including Markdown for description fields. (#319)

• Raise exception if attempting upload to deprecated legacy PyPI URLs. (#322)
• Avoid uploading to PyPI when given alternate repository URL, and require http:// or https:// in repository_url. (#269)

• Update PyPI URLs. (#318)
• Add new maintainer, release checklists. (#314)
• Add instructions on how to use keyring. (#277)

• Link to changelog from README (#46)
• Reorganize & improve user & developer documentation. (#304)
• Revise docs predicting future of twine (#303)
• Add architecture overview to docs (#296)
• Add doc building instructions (#295)
• Declare support for Python 3.6 (#257)
• Improve progressbar (#256)

• Degrade gracefully when keyring is unavailable (#315)
• Fix changelog formatting (#299)
• Fix syntax highlighting in README (#298)
• Fix Read the Docs, tox, Travis configuration (#297)
• Fix Travis CI and test configuration (#286)
• Print progress to stdout, not stderr (#268)
• Fix --repository[-url] help text (#265)
• Remove obsolete registration guidance (#200)

• Blacklist known bad versions of Requests. (#253)

• Twine sends less information about the user's system in the User-Agent string. (#229)
• Fix --skip-existing when used to upload a package for the first time. (#220)
• Fix precedence of --repository-url over --repository. (#206)

• Twine will now resolve passwords using the keyring if available. Module can be required with the keyring extra.
• Twine will use hashlib.blake2b on Python 3.6+ instead of pyblake2

• Check if a package exists if the URL is one of:

  • https://pypi.python.org/pypi/
  • https://upload.pypi.org/
  • https://upload.pypi.io/

  This helps people with https://upload.pypi.io still in their .pypirc file.

• Switch from upload.pypi.io to upload.pypi.org. (#201)

• Retrieve configuration from the environment as a default. (#144)

  • Repository URL will default to TWINE_REPOSITORY
  • Username will default to TWINE_USERNAME
  • Password will default to TWINE_PASSWORD
• Allow the Repository URL to be provided on the command-line (--repository-url) or via an environment variable (TWINE_REPOSITORY_URL). (#166)
• Generate Blake2b 256 digests for packages if pyblake2 is installed. Users can use python -m pip install twine[with-blake2] to have pyblake2 installed with Twine. (#171)

• Generate SHA256 digest for all packages by default.
• Stop testing on Python 2.6.
• Warn users if they receive a 500 error when uploading to *pypi.python.org (#199)

• Correct a packaging error.

• Fix uploads to instances of pypiserver using --skip-existing. We were not properly checking the return status code on the response after attempting an upload. (#195)

• Avoid attempts to upload a package if we can find it on Legacy PyPI.

• Fix issue where we were checking the existence of packages even if the user didn't specify --skip-existing. (#189) (#191)

• Clint was not specified in the wheel metadata as a dependency. (#187)

• Support --cert and --client-cert command-line flags and config file options for feature parity with pip. This allows users to verify connections to servers other than PyPI (e.g., local package repositories) with different certificates. (#142)
• Add progress bar to uploads. (#152)
• Allow --skip-existing to work for 409 status codes. (#162)
• Implement retries when the CDN in front of PyPI gives us a 5xx error. (#167)
• Switch Twine to upload to pypi.io instead of pypi.python.org. (#177)

• Allow passwords to have %s in them. (#186)

• Bump requests-toolbelt version to ensure we avoid ConnectionErrors (#155)

• Paths with hyphens in them break the Wheel regular expression. (#145)
• Exception while accessing the repository key (sic) when raising a redirect exception. (#146)

• Fix uploading signatures causing a 500 error after large file support was added. (#137, #140)

• Upload signatures with packages appropriately (#132)

  As part of the refactor for the 1.6.0 release, we were using the wrong name to find the signature file.

  This also uncovered a bug where if you're using twine in a situation where * is not expanded by your shell, we might also miss uploading signatures to PyPI. Both were fixed as part of this.

• Fix signing support for uploads (#130)

• Allow the user to specify the location of their .pypirc (#97)
• Support registering new packages with twine register (#8)
• Add the --skip-existing flag to twine upload to allow users to skip releases that already exist on PyPI. (#115)
• Upload wheels first to PyPI (#106)
• Large file support via the requests-toolbelt (#104)

• Raise an exception on redirects (#92)
• Work around problems with Windows when using getpass.getpass (#116)
• Warnings triggered by pkginfo searching for PKG-INFO files should no longer be user visible. (#114)
• Provide more helpful messages if .pypirc is out of date. (#111)

• Support commands not named "gpg" for signing (#29)

• Display information about the version of setuptools installed (#85)
• Support deprecated pypirc file format (#61)

• Add lower-limit to requests dependency

• Switch to a git style dispatching for the commands to enable simpler commands and programmatic invocation. (#6)
• Parse ~/.pypirc ourselves and use subprocess instead of the distutils.spawn module. (#13)

• Expand globs and check for existence of dists to upload (#65)
• Fix issue uploading packages with _s in the name (#47)
• List registered commands in help text (#34)
• Use pkg_resources to load registered commands (#32)
• Prevent ResourceWarning from being shown (#28)
• Add support for uploading Windows installers (#26)

• Additional functionality.

• Basic functionality.

We are happy you have decided to contribute to Twine.

Please see the GitHub repository for code and more documentation, and the official Python Packaging User Guide for user documentation. To ask questions or get involved, you can join the Python Packaging Discourse forum, #pypa or #pypa-dev on IRC, or the distutils-sig mailing list.

Everyone interacting in the Twine project's codebases, issue trackers, chat rooms, and mailing lists is expected to follow the PSF Code of Conduct.

Additions and edits to twine's documentation are welcome and appreciated.

To preview the docs while you're making changes, run:

tox -e watch-docs

Then open a web browser to http://127.0.0.1:8000.

When you're done making changes, lint and build the docs locally before making a pull request. In your active virtual environment, run:

tox -e docs

The HTML of the docs will be written to docs/_build/html.

To automatically reformat your changes with isort and black, run:

tox -e format

To detect any remaining code smells with flake8, run:

tox -e lint

To perform strict type-checking using mypy, run:

tox -e types

Any errors from lint or types need to be fixed manually.

Additionally, we prefer that import statements be used for packages and modules only, rather than individual classes or functions.

We use pytest for writing and running tests.

To run the tests in your virtual environment, run:

tox -e py

To pass options to pytest, e.g. the name of a test, run:

tox -e py -- tests/test_upload.py::test_exception_for_http_status

Twine is continuously tested against supported versions of Python using GitHub Actions. To run the tests against a specific version, e.g. Python 3.8, you will need it installed on your machine. Then, run:

tox -e py38

To run the "integration" tests of uploading to real package indexes, run:

tox -e integration

To run the tests against all supported Python versions, check code style, and build the documentation, run:

tox

The docs/changelog.rst file is built by towncrier from files in the changelog/ directory. To add an entry, create a file in that directory named {number}.{type}.rst, where {number} is the pull request number, and {type} is feature, bugfix, doc, removal, or misc.

For example, if your PR number is 1234 and it's fixing a bug, then you would create changelog/1234.bugfix.rst. PRs can span multiple categories by creating multiple files: if you added a feature and deprecated/removed an old feature in PR #5678, you would create changelog/5678.feature.rst and changelog/5678.removal.rst.

A changelog entry is meant for end users and should only contain details relevant to them. In order to maintain a consistent style, please keep the entry to the point, in sentence case, shorter than 80 characters, and in an imperative tone. An entry should complete the sentence "This change will ...". If one line is not enough, use a summary line in an imperative tone, followed by a description of the change in one or more paragraphs, each wrapped at 80 characters and separated by blank lines.

You don't need to reference the pull request or issue number in a changelog entry, since towncrier will add a link using the number in the file name, and the pull request should reference an issue number. Similarly, you don't need to add your name to the entry, since that will be associated with the pull request.

Changelog entries are rendered using reStructuredText, but they should only have minimal formatting (such as ``monospaced text``).

Top-level module for Twine.

The contents of this package are not a public API. For more details, see https://github.com/pypa/twine/issues/194 and https://github.com/pypa/twine/issues/665.

Module containing the logic for the twine sub-commands.

The contents of this package are not a public API. For more details, see https://github.com/pypa/twine/issues/194 and https://github.com/pypa/twine/issues/665.

Module containing the logic for twine check.

class twine.commands.check._WarningStream

write(text: str) -> int

Write string to file.

Returns the number of characters written, which is always equal to the length of the string.

twine.commands.check._parse_content_type(value: str) -> Tuple[str, Dict[str, str]]

Implement logic of deprecated cgi.parse_header().

From https://docs.python.org/3.11/library/cgi.html#cgi.parse_header.

twine.commands.check._check_file(filename: str, render_warning_stream: _WarningStream) -> Tuple[List[str], bool]

Check given distribution.

twine.commands.check.check(dists: List[str], strict: bool = False) -> bool

Check that a distribution will render correctly on PyPI and display the results.

This is currently only validates long_description, but more checks could be added; see https://github.com/pypa/twine/projects/2.

Parameters

• dists -- The distribution files to check.
• output_stream -- The destination of the resulting output.
• strict -- If True, treat warnings as errors.

Returns

True if there are rendering errors, otherwise False.

twine.commands.check.main(args: List[str]) -> bool

Execute the check command.

Parameters

args -- The command-line arguments.

Returns

The exit status of the check command.

Module containing the logic for twine register.

twine.commands.register.register(register_settings: Settings, package: str) -> None

Pre-register a package name with a repository before uploading a distribution.

Pre-registration is not supported on PyPI, so the register command is only necessary if you are using a different repository that requires it.

Parameters

• register_settings -- The configured options relating to repository registration.
• package -- The path of the distribution to use for package metadata.

Raises

• twine.exceptions.TwineException -- The registration failed due to a configuration error.
• requests.HTTPError -- The repository responded with an error.

twine.commands.register.main(args: List[str]) -> None

Execute the register command.

Parameters

args -- The command-line arguments.

Module containing the logic for twine upload.

twine.commands.upload.skip_upload(response: Response, skip_existing: bool, package: PackageFile) -> bool

Determine if a failed upload is an error or can be safely ignored.

Parameters

• response -- The response from attempting to upload package to a repository.
• skip_existing -- If True, use the status and content of response to determine if the package already exists on the repository. If so, then a failed upload is safe to ignore.
• package -- The package that was being uploaded.

Returns

True if a failed upload can be safely ignored, otherwise False.

twine.commands.upload._make_package(filename: str, signatures: Dict[str, str], attestations: List[str], upload_settings: Settings) -> PackageFile

Create and sign a package, based off of filename, signatures, and settings.

Additionally, any supplied attestations are attached to the package when the settings indicate to do so.

class twine.commands.upload.Inputs

Represents structured user inputs.

dists: List[str]

Alias for field number 0

signatures: Dict[str, str]

Alias for field number 1

attestations_by_dist: Dict[str, List[str]]

Alias for field number 2

static __new__(_cls, dists: List[str], signatures: Dict[str, str], attestations_by_dist: Dict[str, List[str]])

Create new instance of Inputs(dists, signatures, attestations_by_dist)

_asdict()

Return a new dict which maps field names to their values.

_field_defaults = {}

_fields = ('dists', 'signatures', 'attestations_by_dist')

classmethod _make(iterable)

Make a new Inputs object from a sequence or iterable

_replace(**kwds)

Return a new Inputs object replacing specified fields with new values

twine.commands.upload._split_inputs(inputs: List[str]) -> Inputs

Split the unstructured list of input files provided by the user into groups.

Three groups are returned: upload files (i.e. dists), signatures, and attestations.

Upload files are returned as a linear list, signatures are returned as a dict of basename -> path, and attestations are returned as a dict of dist-path -> [attestation-path].

twine.commands.upload.upload(upload_settings: Settings, dists: List[str]) -> None

Upload one or more distributions to a repository, and display the progress.

If a package already exists on the repository, most repositories will return an error response. However, if upload_settings.skip_existing is True, a message will be displayed and any remaining distributions will be uploaded.

For known repositories (like PyPI), the web URLs of successfully uploaded packages will be displayed.

Parameters

• upload_settings -- The configured options related to uploading to a repository.
• dists -- The distribution files to upload to the repository. This can also include .asc and .attestation files, which will be added to their respective file uploads.

Raises

• twine.exceptions.TwineException -- The upload failed due to a configuration error.
• requests.HTTPError -- The repository responded with an error.

twine.commands.upload.main(args: List[str]) -> None

Execute the upload command.

Parameters

args -- The command-line arguments.

class twine.auth.CredentialInput

__init__(username: str | None = None, password: str | None = None) -> None

class twine.auth.Resolver

__init__(config: Dict[str, str | None], input: CredentialInput) -> None

classmethod choose(interactive: bool) -> Type[Resolver]

property username: str | None

property password: str | None

property system: str | None

get_username_from_keyring() -> str | None

get_password_from_keyring() -> str | None

username_from_keyring_or_prompt() -> str

password_from_keyring_or_prompt() -> str

prompt(what: str, how: Callable[[...], str]) -> str

class twine.auth.Private

prompt(what: str, how: Callable[[...], str] | None = None) -> str

twine.cli.configure_output() -> None

twine.cli.list_dependencies_and_versions() -> List[Tuple[str, str]]

twine.cli.dep_versions() -> str

twine.cli.dispatch(argv: List[str]) -> Any

Module containing exceptions raised by twine.

exception twine.exceptions.TwineException

Base class for all exceptions raised by twine.

exception twine.exceptions.RedirectDetected

A redirect was detected that the user needs to resolve.

In some cases, requests refuses to issue a new POST request after a redirect. In order to prevent a confusing user experience, we raise this exception to allow users to know the index they're uploading to is redirecting them.

classmethod from_args(repository_url: str, redirect_url: str) -> RedirectDetected

exception twine.exceptions.PackageNotFound

A package file was provided that could not be found on the file system.

This is only used when attempting to register a package_file.

exception twine.exceptions.UploadToDeprecatedPyPIDetected

An upload attempt was detected to deprecated PyPI domains.

The sites pypi.python.org and testpypi.python.org are deprecated.

classmethod from_args(target_url: str, default_url: str, test_url: str) -> UploadToDeprecatedPyPIDetected

Return an UploadToDeprecatedPyPIDetected instance.

exception twine.exceptions.UnreachableRepositoryURLDetected

An upload attempt was detected to a URL without a protocol prefix.

All repository URLs must have a protocol (e.g., https://).

exception twine.exceptions.InvalidSigningConfiguration

Both the sign and identity parameters must be present.

exception twine.exceptions.InvalidSigningExecutable

Signing executable must be installed on system.

exception twine.exceptions.InvalidConfiguration

Raised when configuration is invalid.

exception twine.exceptions.InvalidDistribution

Raised when a distribution is invalid.

exception twine.exceptions.NonInteractive

Raised in non-interactive mode when credentials could not be found.

exception twine.exceptions.InvalidPyPIUploadURL

Repository configuration tries to use PyPI with an incorrect URL.

For example, https://pypi.org instead of https://upload.pypi.org/legacy.

twine.package._safe_name(name: str) -> str

Convert an arbitrary string to a standard distribution name.

Any runs of non-alphanumeric/. characters are replaced with a single '-'.

Copied from pkg_resources.safe_name for compatibility with warehouse. See https://github.com/pypa/twine/issues/743.

class twine.package.PackageFile

__init__(filename: str, comment: str | None, metadata: Distribution, python_version: str | None, filetype: str | None) -> None

classmethod from_filename(filename: str, comment: str | None) -> PackageFile

metadata_dictionary() -> Dict[str, str | None | Sequence[str] | Tuple[str, bytes]]

Merge multiple sources of metadata into a single dictionary.

Includes values from filename, PKG-INFO, hashers, and signature.

add_attestations(attestations: List[str]) -> None

add_gpg_signature(signature_filepath: str, signature_filename: str) -> None

sign(sign_with: str, identity: str | None) -> None

classmethod run_gpg(gpg_args: Tuple[str, ...]) -> None

class twine.package.Hexdigest

Hexdigest(md5, sha2, blake2)

md5: str | None

Alias for field number 0

sha2: str | None

Alias for field number 1

blake2: str | None

Alias for field number 2

static __new__(_cls, md5: str | None, sha2: str | None, blake2: str | None)

Create new instance of Hexdigest(md5, sha2, blake2)

_asdict()

Return a new dict which maps field names to their values.

_field_defaults = {}

_fields = ('md5', 'sha2', 'blake2')

classmethod _make(iterable)

Make a new Hexdigest object from a sequence or iterable

_replace(**kwds)

Return a new Hexdigest object replacing specified fields with new values

class twine.package.HashManager

Manage our hashing objects for simplicity.

This will also allow us to better test this logic.

__init__(filename: str) -> None

Initialize our manager and hasher objects.

_md5_update(content: bytes) -> None

_md5_hexdigest() -> str | None

_sha2_update(content: bytes) -> None

_sha2_hexdigest() -> str | None

_blake_update(content: bytes) -> None

_blake_hexdigest() -> str | None

hash() -> None

Hash the file contents.

hexdigest() -> Hexdigest

Return the hexdigest for the file.

class twine.repository.Repository

__init__(repository_url: str, username: str | None, password: str | None, disable_progress_bar: bool = False) -> None

static _make_adapter_with_retries() -> HTTPAdapter

static _make_user_agent_string() -> str

close() -> None

static _convert_data_to_list_of_tuples(data: Dict[str, Any]) -> List[Tuple[str, Any]]

set_certificate_authority(cacert: str | None) -> None

set_client_certificate(clientcert: str | None) -> None

register(package: PackageFile) -> Response

_upload(package: PackageFile) -> Response

upload(package: PackageFile, max_redirects: int = 5) -> Response

package_is_uploaded(package: PackageFile, bypass_cache: bool = False) -> bool

release_urls(packages: List[PackageFile]) -> Set[str]

verify_package_integrity(package: PackageFile) -> None

Module containing logic for handling settings.

class twine.settings.Settings

Object that manages the configuration for Twine.

This object can only be instantiated with keyword arguments.

For example,

Settings(True, username='fakeusername')

Will raise a TypeError. Instead, you would want

Settings(sign=True, username='fakeusername')

__init__(*, attestations: bool = False, sign: bool = False, sign_with: str = 'gpg', identity: str | None = None, username: str | None = None, password: str | None = None, non_interactive: bool = False, comment: str | None = None, config_file: str = utils.DEFAULT_CONFIG_FILE, skip_existing: bool = False, cacert: str | None = None, client_cert: str | None = None, repository_name: str = 'pypi', repository_url: str | None = None, verbose: bool = False, disable_progress_bar: bool = False, **ignored_kwargs: Any) -> None

Initialize our settings instance.

Parameters

• attestations -- Whether the package file should be uploaded with attestations.
• sign -- Configure whether the package file should be signed.
• sign_with -- The name of the executable used to sign the package with.
• identity -- The GPG identity that should be used to sign the package file.
• username -- The username used to authenticate to the repository (package index).
• password -- The password used to authenticate to the repository (package index).
• non_interactive -- Do not interactively prompt for username/password if the required credentials are missing.
• comment -- The comment to include with each distribution file.
• config_file -- The path to the configuration file to use.
• skip_existing -- Specify whether twine should continue uploading files if one of them already exists. This primarily supports PyPI. Other package indexes may not be supported.
• cacert -- The path to the bundle of certificates used to verify the TLS connection to the package index.
• client_cert -- The path to the client certificate used to perform authentication to the index. This must be a single file that contains both the private key and the PEM-encoded certificate.
• repository_name -- The name of the repository (package index) to interact with. This should correspond to a section in the config file.
• repository_url -- The URL of the repository (package index) to interact with. This will override the settings inferred from repository_name.
• verbose -- Show verbose output.
• disable_progress_bar -- Disable the progress bar.

property username: str | None

property password: str | None

_allow_noninteractive() -> AbstractContextManager[None]

Bypass NonInteractive error when client cert is present.

property verbose: bool

static register_argparse_arguments(parser: ArgumentParser) -> None

Register the arguments for argparse.

classmethod from_argparse(args: Namespace) -> Settings

Generate the Settings from parsed arguments.

_handle_package_signing(sign: bool, sign_with: str, identity: str | None) -> None

_handle_repository_options(repository_name: str, repository_url: str | None) -> None

_handle_certificates(cacert: str | None, client_cert: str | None) -> None

check_repository_url() -> None

Verify we are not using legacy PyPI.

Raises

twine.exceptions.UploadToDeprecatedPyPIDetected -- The configured repository URL is for legacy PyPI.

create_repository() -> Repository

Create a new repository for uploading.

twine.utils.get_config(path: str) -> Dict[str, Dict[str, str | None]]

Read repository configuration from a file (i.e. ~/.pypirc).

Format: https://packaging.python.org/specifications/pypirc/

If the default config file doesn't exist, return a default configuration for pypyi and testpypi.

twine.utils.sanitize_url(url: str) -> str

Sanitize a URL.

Sanitize URLs, removing any user:password combinations and replacing them with asterisks.  Returns the original URL if the string is a non-matching pattern.

Parameters

url -- str containing a URL to sanitize.

return:

str either sanitized or as entered depending on pattern match.

twine.utils._validate_repository_url(repository_url: str) -> None

Validate the given url for allowed schemes and components.

twine.utils.get_repository_from_config(config_file: str, repository: str, repository_url: str | None = None) -> Dict[str, str | None]

Get repository config command-line values or the .pypirc file.

twine.utils._config_from_repository_url(url: str) -> Dict[str, str | None]

twine.utils.normalize_repository_url(url: str) -> str

twine.utils.get_file_size(filename: str) -> str

Return the size of a file in KB, or MB if >= 1024 KB.

twine.utils.check_status_code(response: Response, verbose: bool) -> None

Generate a helpful message based on the response from the repository.

Raise a custom exception for recognized errors. Otherwise, print the response content (based on the verbose option) before re-raising the HTTPError.

twine.utils.get_userpass_value(cli_value: str | None, config: Dict[str, str | None], key: str, prompt_strategy: Callable[[], str] | None = None) -> str | None

Get a credential (e.g. a username or password) from the configuration.

Uses the following rules:

1.

If cli_value is specified, use that.

2.

If config[key] is specified, use that.

3.

If prompt_strategy is specified, use its return value.

4.

Otherwise return None

Parameters

• cli_value -- The value supplied from the command line.
• config -- A dictionary of repository configuration values.
• key -- The credential to look up in config, e.g. "username" or "password".
• prompt_strategy -- An argumentless function to get the value, e.g. from keyring or by prompting the user.

Returns

The credential value, i.e. the username or password.

twine.utils.get_cacert(cli_value: str | None, config: Dict[str, str | None], *, key: str = 'ca_cert', prompt_strategy: Callable[[], str] | None = None) -> str | None

Get the CA bundle via get_userpass_value().

twine.utils.get_clientcert(cli_value: str | None, config: Dict[str, str | None], *, key: str = 'client_cert', prompt_strategy: Callable[[], str] | None = None) -> str | None

Get the client certificate via get_userpass_value().

class twine.utils.EnvironmentDefault

Get values from environment variable.

__init__(env: str, required: bool = True, default: str | None = None, **kwargs: Any) -> None

class twine.utils.EnvironmentFlag

Set boolean flag from environment variable.

__init__(env: str, **kwargs: Any) -> None

static bool_from_env(val: str | None) -> bool

Allow '0' and 'false' and 'no' to be False.

class twine.wheel.Wheel

__init__(filename: str, metadata_version: str | None = None) -> None

property py_version: str

static find_candidate_metadata_files(names: List[str]) -> List[List[str]]

Filter files that may be METADATA files.

read() -> bytes

parse(data: bytes) -> None

class twine.wininst.WinInst

__init__(filename: str, metadata_version: str | None = None) -> None

property py_version: str

read() -> bytes

A user can set the repository URL, username, and/or password via command line, .pypirc files, environment variables, and keyring.

Uploads one or more distributions to a repository.

System Message: ERROR/6 (/builddir/build/BUILD/python-twine-5.1.1-build/twine-5.1.1/docs/index.rst:, line 116)

Command ['twine', 'upload', '-h'] failed: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'twine'

Checks whether your distribution's long description will render correctly on PyPI.

System Message: ERROR/6 (/builddir/build/BUILD/python-twine-5.1.1-build/twine-5.1.1/docs/index.rst:, line 124)

Command ['twine', 'check', '-h'] failed: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'twine'

Pre-register a name with a repository before uploading a distribution.

WARNING:

Pre-registration is not supported on PyPI, so the register command is only necessary if you are using a different repository that requires it. See issue #1627 on Warehouse (the software running on PyPI) for more details.

System Message: ERROR/6 (/builddir/build/BUILD/python-twine-5.1.1-build/twine-5.1.1/docs/index.rst:, line 137)

Command ['twine', 'register', '-h'] failed: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'twine'

Twine also supports configuration via environment variables. Options passed on the command line will take precedence over options set via environment variables. Definition via environment variable is helpful in environments where it is not convenient to create a .pypirc file (for example, on a CI/build server).

• TWINE_USERNAME - the username to use for authentication to the repository.
• TWINE_PASSWORD - the password to use for authentication to the repository.
• TWINE_REPOSITORY - the repository configuration, either defined as a section in .pypirc or provided as a full URL.
• TWINE_REPOSITORY_URL - the repository URL to use.
• TWINE_CERT - custom CA certificate to use for repositories with self-signed or untrusted certificates.
• TWINE_NON_INTERACTIVE - Do not interactively prompt for username/password if the required credentials are missing.

Twine can be configured to use a proxy by setting environment variables. For example, to use a proxy for just the twine command, without export-ing it for other tools:

HTTPS_PROXY=socks5://user:pass@host:port twine upload dist/*

For more information, see the Requests documentation on requests:proxies and requests:socks, and an in-depth article about proxy environment variables.

In most cases, simply not setting a password with keyring will allow Twine to fall back to prompting for a password. In some cases, the presence of Keyring will cause unexpected or undesirable prompts from the backing system. In these cases, it may be desirable to disable Keyring altogether. To disable Keyring, run:

keyring --disable

See Twine issue #338 for discussion and background.