perltoc - Man Page

SYNOPSIS

GETTING HELP

Overview

Tutorials

Reference Manual

Internals and C Language Interface

History

Miscellaneous

Language-Specific

Platform-Specific

Stubs for Deleted Documents

DESCRIPTION

AVAILABILITY

ENVIRONMENT

AUTHOR

FILES

SEE ALSO

<https://www.perl.org/>, <https://www.perl.com/>, <https://www.cpan.org/>, <https://www.pm.org/>

DIAGNOSTICS

BUGS

NOTES

DESCRIPTION

What is Perl?

Running Perl programs

Safety net

Basic syntax overview

Perl variable types

Scalars, Arrays, Hashes

Variable scoping

Conditional and looping constructs

if, while, for, foreach

Builtin operators and functions

Arithmetic, Numeric comparison, String comparison, Boolean logic, Miscellaneous

Files and I/O

Regular expressions

Simple matching, Simple substitution, More complex regular expressions, Parentheses for capturing, Other regexp features

Writing subroutines

OO Perl

Using Perl modules

AUTHOR

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

#! and quoting on non-Unix systems

OS/2, MS-DOS, Win95/NT, VMS

Location of Perl

Command Switches

-0[octal/hexadecimal]  , -a  , -C [number/list] , -c , -d  , -dt, -d:MOD[=bar,baz]  , -dt:MOD[=bar,baz], -Dletters   , -Dnumber, -e commandline , -E commandline , -f
, -Fpattern , -g , -h , -? , -i[extension]  , -Idirectory  , -l[octnum]   , -m[-]module  , -M[-]module, -M[-]'module ...', -[mM][-]module=arg[,arg]..., -n , -p , -s , -S , -t , -T , -u , -U , -v , -V , -V:configvar, -w , -W , -X , -x , -xdirectory

ENVIRONMENT

HOME , LOGDIR , PATH , PERL5LIB , PERL5OPT , PERLIO , :crlf , :perlio , :stdio , :unix , PERLIO_DEBUG , PERLLIB , PERL5DB , PERL5DB_THREADED , PERL5SHELL (specific to the Win32 port) , PERL_ALLOW_NON_IFS_LSP (specific to the Win32 port) , PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS , PERL_DESTRUCT_LEVEL , PERL_DL_NONLAZY , PERL_ENCODING , PERL_HASH_SEED , PERL_PERTURB_KEYS , PERL_HASH_SEED_DEBUG , PERL_MEM_LOG , PERL_ROOT (specific to the VMS port) , PERL_SIGNALS , PERL_UNICODE , PERL_USE_UNSAFE_INC , SYS$LOGIN (specific to the VMS port) , PERL_INTERNAL_RAND_SEED , PERL_RAND_SEED

ORDER OF APPLICATION

-I, -M, the PERL5LIB environment variable, combinations of -I, -M and PERL5LIB, the PERL5OPT environment variable, Other complications, arch and version subdirs, sitecustomize.pl

DESCRIPTION

Who Needs Complicated Data Structures?

The Solution

Syntax

Making References

Using References

An Example

Arrow Rule

Solution

The Rest

Summary

Credits

Distribution Conditions

DESCRIPTION

arrays of arrays, hashes of arrays, arrays of hashes, hashes of hashes, more elaborate constructs

REFERENCES

COMMON MISTAKES

CAVEAT ON PRECEDENCE

WHY YOU SHOULD ALWAYS use VERSION

DEBUGGING

CODE EXAMPLES

ARRAYS OF ARRAYS

Declaration of an ARRAY OF ARRAYS

Generation of an ARRAY OF ARRAYS

Access and Printing of an ARRAY OF ARRAYS

HASHES OF ARRAYS

Declaration of a HASH OF ARRAYS

Generation of a HASH OF ARRAYS

Access and Printing of a HASH OF ARRAYS

ARRAYS OF HASHES

Declaration of an ARRAY OF HASHES

Generation of an ARRAY OF HASHES

Access and Printing of an ARRAY OF HASHES

HASHES OF HASHES

Declaration of a HASH OF HASHES

Generation of a HASH OF HASHES

Access and Printing of a HASH OF HASHES

MORE ELABORATE RECORDS

Declaration of MORE ELABORATE RECORDS

Declaration of a HASH OF COMPLEX RECORDS

Generation of a HASH OF COMPLEX RECORDS

Database Ties

SEE ALSO

AUTHOR

DESCRIPTION

Declaration and Access of Arrays of Arrays

Growing Your Own

Access and Printing

Slices

SEE ALSO

AUTHOR

DESCRIPTION

The Guide

Simple word matching

Using character classes

Matching this or that

Grouping things and hierarchical matching

Extracting matches

Matching repetitions

More matching

Search and replace

The split operator

use re 'strict'

BUGS

SEE ALSO

AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT

Acknowledgments

DESCRIPTION

Part 1: The basics

Simple word matching

Using character classes

Matching this or that

Grouping things and hierarchical matching

Extracting matches

Backreferences

Relative backreferences

Named backreferences

Alternative capture group numbering

Position information

Non-capturing groupings

Matching repetitions

Possessive quantifiers

Building a regexp

Using regular expressions in Perl

Part 2: Power tools

More on characters, strings, and character classes

Compiling and saving regular expressions

Composing regular expressions at runtime

Embedding comments and modifiers in a regular expression

Looking ahead and looking behind

Using independent subexpressions to prevent backtracking

Conditional expressions

Defining named patterns

Recursive patterns

A bit of magic: executing Perl code in a regular expression

Backtracking control verbs

Pragmas and debugging

SEE ALSO

AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT

Acknowledgments

DATE

DESCRIPTION

OBJECT-ORIENTED FUNDAMENTALS

Object

Class

Methods

Attributes

Polymorphism

Inheritance

Encapsulation

Composition

Roles

When to Use OO

PERL OO SYSTEMS

Moose

Declarative sugar, Roles built-in, A miniature type system, Full introspection and manipulation, Self-hosted and extensible, Rich ecosystem, Many more features

Class::Accessor

Class::Tiny

Role::Tiny

OO System Summary

Moose, Class::Accessor, Class::Tiny, Role::Tiny

Other OO Systems

CONCLUSION

DESCRIPTION

OVERVIEW

ONE STEP SIDEWAYS

ONE STEP FORWARD

ANOTHER STEP SIDEWAYS

GENERAL GUIDELINES

BENCHMARKS

Assigning and Dereferencing Variables

Search and replace or tr

PROFILING TOOLS

Devel::DProf

Devel::Profiler

Devel::SmallProf

Devel::FastProf

Devel::NYTProf

SORTING

Elapsed Real Time, User CPU Time, System CPU Time

LOGGING

Logging if DEBUG (constant)

POSTSCRIPT

SEE ALSO

PERLDOCS

MAN PAGES

MODULES

URLS

AUTHOR

DESCRIPTION

DESCRIPTION

The sheet

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

AUTHOR

SEE ALSO

DESCRIPTION

Awk Traps

C/C++ Traps

JavaScript Traps

Sed Traps

Shell Traps

Perl Traps

DESCRIPTION

use strict

Looking at data and -w and v

help

Stepping through code

Placeholder for a, w, t, T

REGULAR EXPRESSIONS

OUTPUT TIPS

CGI

GUIs

SUMMARY

SEE ALSO

AUTHOR

CONTRIBUTORS

VERSION

DESCRIPTION

Where to find the perlfaq

How to use the perlfaq

How to contribute to the perlfaq

What if my question isn't answered in the FAQ?

TABLE OF CONTENTS

perlfaq1 - General Questions About Perl, perlfaq2 - Obtaining and Learning about Perl, perlfaq3 - Programming Tools, perlfaq4 - Data Manipulation, perlfaq5 - Files and Formats, perlfaq6 - Regular Expressions, perlfaq7 - General Perl Language Issues, perlfaq8 - System Interaction, perlfaq9 - Web, Email and Networking

THE QUESTIONS

perlfaq1: General Questions About Perl

perlfaq2: Obtaining and Learning about Perl

perlfaq3: Programming Tools

perlfaq4: Data Manipulation

perlfaq5: Files and Formats

perlfaq6: Regular Expressions

perlfaq7: General Perl Language Issues

perlfaq8: System Interaction

perlfaq9: Web, Email and Networking

CREDITS

AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT

VERSION

DESCRIPTION

What is Perl?

Who supports Perl? Who develops it? Why is it free?

Which version of Perl should I use?

What is Raku (Perl 6)?

How stable is Perl?

How often are new versions of Perl released?

Is Perl difficult to learn?

How does Perl compare with other languages like Java, Python, REXX, Scheme, or Tcl?

Can I do [task] in Perl?

When shouldn't I program in Perl?

What's the difference between "perl" and "Perl"?

What is a JAPH?

How can I convince others to use Perl?

<http://www.perl.org/about.html>, <http://perltraining.com.au/whyperl.html>

AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT

VERSION

DESCRIPTION

What machines support Perl? Where do I get it?

How can I get a binary version of Perl?

I don't have a C compiler. How can I build my own Perl interpreter?

I copied the Perl binary from one machine to another, but scripts don't work.

I grabbed the sources and tried to compile but gdbm/dynamic loading/malloc/linking/... failed. How do I make it work?

What modules and extensions are available for Perl? What is CPAN?

Where can I get information on Perl?

<http://www.perl.org/>, <http://perldoc.perl.org/>, <http://learn.perl.org/>

What is perl.com? Perl Mongers? pm.org? perl.org? cpan.org?

<http://www.perl.org/>, <http://learn.perl.org/>, <http://jobs.perl.org/>, <http://lists.perl.org/>

Where can I post questions?

Perl Books

Which magazines have Perl content?

Which Perl blogs should I read?

What mailing lists are there for Perl?

Where can I buy a commercial version of Perl?

Where do I send bug reports?

AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT

VERSION

DESCRIPTION

How do I do (anything)?

Basics, perldata - Perl data types, perlvar - Perl pre-defined variables, perlsyn - Perl syntax, perlop - Perl operators and precedence, perlsub - Perl subroutines, Execution, perlrun - how to execute the Perl interpreter, perldebug - Perl debugging, Functions, perlfunc - Perl builtin functions, Objects, perlref - Perl references and nested data structures, perlmod - Perl modules (packages and symbol tables), perlobj - Perl objects, perltie - how to hide an object class in a simple variable, Data Structures, perlref - Perl references and nested data structures, perllol - Manipulating arrays of arrays in Perl, perldsc - Perl Data Structures Cookbook, Modules, perlmod - Perl modules (packages and symbol tables), perlmodlib - constructing new Perl modules and finding existing ones, Regexes, perlre - Perl regular expressions, perlfunc - Perl builtin functions>, perlop - Perl operators and precedence, perllocale - Perl locale handling (internationalization and localization), Moving to perl5, perltrap - Perl traps for the unwary, perl, Linking with C, perlxstut - Tutorial for writing XSUBs, perlxs - XS language reference manual, perlcall - Perl calling conventions from C, perlguts - Introduction to the Perl API, perlembed - how to embed perl in your C program, Various

How can I use Perl interactively?

How do I find which modules are installed on my system?

How do I debug my Perl programs?

How do I profile my Perl programs?

How do I cross-reference my Perl programs?

Is there a pretty-printer (formatter) for Perl?

Is there an IDE or Windows Perl Editor?

Eclipse, Enginsite, IntelliJ IDEA, Kephra, Komodo, Notepad++, Open Perl IDE, OptiPerl, Padre, PerlBuilder, visiPerl+, Visual Perl, Zeus, GNU Emacs, MicroEMACS, XEmacs, Jed, Vim, Vile, MultiEdit, SlickEdit, ConTEXT, bash, zsh, BBEdit and TextWrangler

Where can I get Perl macros for vi?

Where can I get perl-mode or cperl-mode for emacs?

How can I use curses with Perl?

How can I write a GUI (X, Tk, Gtk, etc.) in Perl?

Tk, Wx, Gtk and Gtk2, Win32::GUI, CamelBones, Qt, Athena

How can I make my Perl program run faster?

How can I make my Perl program take less memory?

Don't slurp!, Use map and grep selectively, Avoid unnecessary quotes and stringification, Pass by reference, Tie large variables to disk

Is it safe to return a reference to local or lexical data?

How can I free an array or hash so my program shrinks?

How can I make my CGI script more efficient?

How can I hide the source for my Perl program?

How can I compile my Perl program into byte code or C?

How can I get #!perl to work on [MS-DOS,NT,...]?

Can I write useful Perl programs on the command line?

Why don't Perl one-liners work on my DOS/Mac/VMS system?

Where can I learn about CGI or Web programming in Perl?

Where can I learn about object-oriented Perl programming?

Where can I learn about linking C with Perl?

I've read perlembed, perlguts, etc., but I can't embed perl in my C program; what am I doing wrong?

When I tried to run my script, I got this message. What does it mean?

What's MakeMaker?

AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT

VERSION

DESCRIPTION

Data: Numbers

Why am I getting long decimals (eg, 19.9499999999999) instead of the numbers I should be getting (eg, 19.95)?

Why is int() broken?

Why isn't my octal data interpreted correctly?

Does Perl have a round() function? What about ceil() and floor()? Trig functions?

How do I convert between numeric representations/bases/radixes?

How do I convert hexadecimal into decimal, How do I convert from decimal to hexadecimal, How do I convert from octal to decimal, How do I convert from decimal to octal, How do I convert from binary to decimal, How do I convert from decimal to binary

Why doesn't & work the way I want it to?

How do I multiply matrices?

How do I perform an operation on a series of integers?

How can I output Roman numerals?

Why aren't my random numbers random?

How do I get a random number between X and Y?

Data: Dates

How do I find the day or week of the year?

How do I find the current century or millennium?

How can I compare two dates and find the difference?

How can I take a string and turn it into epoch seconds?

How can I find the Julian Day?

How do I find yesterday's date?

Does Perl have a Year 2000 or 2038 problem? Is Perl Y2K compliant?

Data: Strings

How do I validate input?

How do I unescape a string?

How do I remove consecutive pairs of characters?

How do I expand function calls in a string?

How do I find matching/nesting anything?

How do I reverse a string?

How do I expand tabs in a string?

How do I reformat a paragraph?

How can I access or change N characters of a string?

How do I change the Nth occurrence of something?

How can I count the number of occurrences of a substring within a string?

How do I capitalize all the words on one line?

How can I split a [character]-delimited string except when inside [character]?

How do I strip blank space from the beginning/end of a string?

How do I pad a string with blanks or pad a number with zeroes?

How do I extract selected columns from a string?

How do I find the soundex value of a string?

How can I expand variables in text strings?

Does Perl have anything like Ruby's #{} or Python's f string?

What's wrong with always quoting "$vars"?

Why don't my <<HERE documents work?

There must be no space after the << part, There (probably) should be a semicolon at the end of the opening token, You can't (easily) have any space in front of the tag, There needs to be at least a line separator after the end token

Data: Arrays

What is the difference between a list and an array?

What is the difference between $array[1] and @array[1]?

How can I remove duplicate elements from a list or array?

How can I tell whether a certain element is contained in a list or array?

How do I compute the difference of two arrays? How do I compute the intersection of two arrays?

How do I test whether two arrays or hashes are equal?

How do I find the first array element for which a condition is true?

How do I handle linked lists?

How do I handle circular lists?

How do I shuffle an array randomly?

How do I process/modify each element of an array?

How do I select a random element from an array?

How do I permute N elements of a list?

How do I sort an array by (anything)?

How do I manipulate arrays of bits?

Why does defined() return true on empty arrays and hashes?

Data: Hashes (Associative Arrays)

How do I process an entire hash?

How do I merge two hashes?

What happens if I add or remove keys from a hash while iterating over it?

How do I look up a hash element by value?

How can I know how many entries are in a hash?

How do I sort a hash (optionally by value instead of key)?

How can I always keep my hash sorted?

What's the difference between "delete" and "undef" with hashes?

Why don't my tied hashes make the defined/exists distinction?

How do I reset an each() operation part-way through?

How can I get the unique keys from two hashes?

How can I store a multidimensional array in a DBM file?

How can I make my hash remember the order I put elements into it?

Why does passing a subroutine an undefined element in a hash create it?

How can I make the Perl equivalent of a C structure/C++ class/hash or array of hashes or arrays?

How can I use a reference as a hash key?

How can I check if a key exists in a multilevel hash?

How can I prevent addition of unwanted keys into a hash?

Data: Misc

How do I handle binary data correctly?

How do I determine whether a scalar is a number/whole/integer/float?

How do I keep persistent data across program calls?

How do I print out or copy a recursive data structure?

How do I define methods for every class/object?

How do I verify a credit card checksum?

How do I pack arrays of doubles or floats for XS code?

AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT

VERSION

DESCRIPTION

How do I flush/unbuffer an output filehandle? Why must I do this?

How do I change, delete, or insert a line in a file, or append to the beginning of a file?

How do I count the number of lines in a file?

How do I delete the last N lines from a file?

How can I use Perl's -i option from within a program?

How can I copy a file?

How do I make a temporary file name?

How can I manipulate fixed-record-length files?

How can I make a filehandle local to a subroutine? How do I pass filehandles between subroutines? How do I make an array of filehandles?

How can I use a filehandle indirectly?

How can I open a filehandle to a string?

How can I set up a footer format to be used with write()?

How can I write() into a string?

How can I output my numbers with commas added?

How can I translate tildes (~) in a filename?

When I open a file read-write, why does it wipe it out?

Why do I sometimes get an "Argument list too long" when I use <*>?

How can I open a file named with a leading ">" or trailing blanks?

How can I reliably rename a file?

How can I lock a file?

Why can't I just open(FH, ">file.lock")?

I still don't get locking. I just want to increment the number in the file. How can I do this?

All I want to do is append a small amount of text to the end of a file. Do I still have to use locking?

How do I randomly update a binary file?

How do I get a file's timestamp in perl?

How do I set a file's timestamp in perl?

How do I print to more than one file at once?

How can I read in an entire file all at once?

How can I read in a file by paragraphs?

How can I read a single character from a file? From the keyboard?

How can I tell whether there's a character waiting on a filehandle?

How do I do a tail -f in perl?

How do I dup() a filehandle in Perl?

How do I close a file descriptor by number?

Why can't I use "C:\temp\foo" in DOS paths? Why doesn't `C:\temp\foo.exe` work?

Why doesn't glob("*.*") get all the files?

Why does Perl let me delete read-only files? Why does -i clobber protected files? Isn't this a bug in Perl?

How do I select a random line from a file?

Why do I get weird spaces when I print an array of lines?

How do I traverse a directory tree?

How do I delete a directory tree?

How do I copy an entire directory?

AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT

VERSION

DESCRIPTION

How can I hope to use regular expressions without creating illegible and unmaintainable code?

Comments Outside the Regex, Comments Inside the Regex, Different Delimiters

I'm having trouble matching over more than one line. What's wrong?

How can I pull out lines between two patterns that are themselves on different lines?

How do I match XML, HTML, or other nasty, ugly things with a regex?

I put a regular expression into $/ but it didn't work. What's wrong?

How do I substitute case-insensitively on the LHS while preserving case on the RHS?

How can I make \w match national character sets?

How can I match a locale-smart version of /[a-zA-Z]/?

How can I quote a variable to use in a regex?

What is /o really for?

How do I use a regular expression to strip C-style comments from a file?

Can I use Perl regular expressions to match balanced text?

What does it mean that regexes are greedy? How can I get around it?

How do I process each word on each line?

How can I print out a word-frequency or line-frequency summary?

How can I do approximate matching?

How do I efficiently match many regular expressions at once?

Why don't word-boundary searches with \b work for me?

Why does using $&, $`, or $' slow my program down?

What good is \G in a regular expression?

Are Perl regexes DFAs or NFAs? Are they POSIX compliant?

What's wrong with using grep in a void context?

How can I match strings with multibyte characters?

How do I match a regular expression that's in a variable?

AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT

VERSION

DESCRIPTION

Can I get a BNF/yacc/RE for the Perl language?

What are all these $@%&* punctuation signs, and how do I know when to use them?

Do I always/never have to quote my strings or use semicolons and commas?

How do I skip some return values?

How do I temporarily block warnings?

What's an extension?

Why do Perl operators have different precedence than C operators?

How do I declare/create a structure?

How do I create a module?

How do I adopt or take over a module already on CPAN?

How do I create a class?

How can I tell if a variable is tainted?

What's a closure?

What is variable suicide and how can I prevent it?

How can I pass/return a {Function, FileHandle, Array, Hash, Method, Regex}?

Passing Variables and Functions, Passing Filehandles, Passing Regexes, Passing Methods

How do I create a static variable?

What's the difference between dynamic and lexical (static) scoping? Between local() and my()?

How can I access a dynamic variable while a similarly named lexical is in scope?

What's the difference between deep and shallow binding?

Why doesn't "my($foo) = <$fh>;" work right?

How do I redefine a builtin function, operator, or method?

What's the difference between calling a function as &foo and foo()?

How do I create a switch or case statement?

How can I catch accesses to undefined variables, functions, or methods?

Why can't a method included in this same file be found?

How can I find out my current or calling package?

How can I comment out a large block of Perl code?

How do I clear a package?

How can I use a variable as a variable name?

What does "bad interpreter" mean?

Do I need to recompile XS modules when there is a change in the C library?

AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT

VERSION

DESCRIPTION

How do I find out which operating system I'm running under?

Why does exec() not return?

How do I do fancy stuff with the keyboard/screen/mouse?

Keyboard, Screen, Mouse

How do I print something out in color?

How do I read just one key without waiting for a return key?

How do I check whether input is ready on the keyboard?

How do I clear the screen?

How do I get the screen size?

How do I ask the user for a password?

How do I read and write the serial port?

lockfiles, open mode, end of line, flushing output, non-blocking input

How do I decode encrypted password files?

How do I start a process in the background?

STDIN, STDOUT, and STDERR are shared, Signals, Zombies

How do I trap control characters/signals?

How do I modify the shadow password file on a Unix system?

How do I set the time and date?

How can I sleep() or alarm() for under a second?

How can I measure time under a second?

How can I do an atexit() or setjmp()/longjmp()? (Exception handling)

Why doesn't my sockets program work under System V (Solaris)? What does the error message "Protocol not supported" mean?

How can I call my system's unique C functions from Perl?

Where do I get the include files to do ioctl() or syscall()?

Why do setuid perl scripts complain about kernel problems?

How can I open a pipe both to and from a command?

Why can't I get the output of a command with system()?

How can I capture STDERR from an external command?

Why doesn't open() return an error when a pipe open fails?

What's wrong with using backticks in a void context?

How can I call backticks without shell processing?

Why can't my script read from STDIN after I gave it EOF (^D on Unix, ^Z on MS-DOS)?

How can I convert my shell script to perl?

Can I use perl to run a telnet or ftp session?

How can I write expect in Perl?

Is there a way to hide perl's command line from programs such as "ps"?

I {changed directory, modified my environment} in a perl script. How come the change disappeared when I exited the script? How do I get my changes to be visible?

Unix

How do I close a process's filehandle without waiting for it to complete?

How do I fork a daemon process?

How do I find out if I'm running interactively or not?

How do I timeout a slow event?

How do I set CPU limits?

How do I avoid zombies on a Unix system?

How do I use an SQL database?

How do I make a system() exit on control-C?

How do I open a file without blocking?

How do I tell the difference between errors from the shell and perl?

How do I install a module from CPAN?

What's the difference between require and use?

How do I keep my own module/library directory?

How do I add the directory my program lives in to the module/library search path?

How do I add a directory to my include path (@INC) at runtime?

the PERLLIB environment variable, the PERL5LIB environment variable, the perl -Idir command line flag, the lib pragma:, the local::lib module:

Where are modules installed?

What is socket.ph and where do I get it?

AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT

VERSION

DESCRIPTION

Should I use a web framework?

Which web framework should I use?

Catalyst, Dancer2, Mojolicious, Web::Simple

What is Plack and PSGI?

How do I remove HTML from a string?

How do I extract URLs?

How do I fetch an HTML file?

How do I automate an HTML form submission?

How do I decode or create those %-encodings on the web?

How do I redirect to another page?

How do I put a password on my web pages?

How do I make sure users can't enter values into a form that causes my CGI script to do bad things?

How do I parse a mail header?

How do I check a valid mail address?

How do I decode a MIME/BASE64 string?

How do I find the user's mail address?

How do I send email?

Email::Sender::Transport::Sendmail, Email::Sender::Transport::SMTP

How do I use MIME to make an attachment to a mail message?

How do I read email?

How do I find out my hostname, domainname, or IP address?

How do I fetch/put an (S)FTP file?

How can I do RPC in Perl?

AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT

DESCRIPTION

Declarations

Comments

Simple Statements

Statement Modifiers

Compound Statements

Loop Control

For Loops

Foreach Loops

Try Catch Exception Handling

Basic BLOCKs

defer blocks

Switch Statements

Goto

The Ellipsis Statement

PODs: Embedded Documentation

Plain Old Comments (Not!)

Experimental Details on given and when

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10

DESCRIPTION

Variable names

Identifier parsing

Context

Scalar values

Scalar value constructors

List value constructors

Subscripts

Multi-dimensional array emulation

Slices

Typeglobs and Filehandles

SEE ALSO

DESCRIPTION

Operator Precedence and Associativity

Terms and List Operators (Leftward)

The Arrow Operator

Auto-increment and Auto-decrement

Exponentiation

Symbolic Unary Operators

Binding Operators

Multiplicative Operators

Additive Operators

Shift Operators

Named Unary Operators

Relational Operators

Equality Operators

Class Instance Operator

Smartmatch Operator

1. Empty hashes or arrays match, 2. That is, each element smartmatches the element of the same index in the other array.[3], 3. If a circular reference is found, fall back to referential equality, 4. Either an actual number, or a string that looks like one

Bitwise And

Bitwise Or and Exclusive Or

C-style Logical And

C-style Logical Or

C-style Logical Xor

Logical Defined-Or

Range Operators

Conditional Operator

Assignment Operators

Comma Operator

List Operators (Rightward)

Logical Not

Logical And

Logical or and Exclusive Or

C Operators Missing From Perl

unary &, unary *, (TYPE)

Quote and Quote-like Operators

[1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8]

Regexp Quote-Like Operators

qr/STRING/msixpodualn       , m/PATTERN/msixpodualngc  
       
, /PATTERN/msixpodualngc, The empty pattern //, Matching in list context, \G assertion, m?PATTERN?msixpodualngc
, s/PATTERN/REPLACEMENT/msixpodualngcer

Quote-Like Operators

q/STRING/    , 'STRING', qq/STRING/    , "STRING", qx/STRING/    , `STRING`, qw/STRING/   , tr/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/cdsr  
 , y/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/cdsr, <<EOF    , Double Quotes, Single Quotes, Backticks, Indented Here-docs

Gory details of parsing quoted constructs

Finding the end, Interpolation , <<'EOF',  m'', the pattern of s''', '', q//, tr''', y''', the replacement of s''', tr///, y///, "", ``, qq//, qx//, <file*glob>, <<"EOF", The replacement of s///, RE in m?RE?, /RE/, m/RE/, s/RE/foo/,, Parsing regular expressions , Optimization of regular expressions

I/O Operators

Constant Folding

No-ops

Bitwise String Operators

Integer Arithmetic

Floating-point Arithmetic

Bigger Numbers

APPENDIX

List of Extra Paired Delimiters

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

documented later in this document, documented in perlmod, documented in perlobj, documented in perltie, documented in PerlIO::via, documented in perlfunc, documented in UNIVERSAL, documented in perldebguts, undocumented, used internally by the overload feature

Signatures

Private Variables via my()

Persistent Private Variables

Temporary Values via local()

Lvalue subroutines

Lexical Subroutines

Passing Symbol Table Entries (typeglobs)

When to Still Use local()

Pass by Reference

Prototypes

Constant Functions

Overriding Built-in Functions

Autoloading

Subroutine Attributes

SEE ALSO

DESCRIPTION

Perl Functions by Category

Functions for SCALARs or strings   , Regular expressions and pattern matching   , Numeric functions    , Functions for real @ARRAYs , Functions for list data , Functions for real %HASHes , Input and output functions
 , Functions for fixed-length data or records, Functions for filehandles, files, or directories  
  , Keywords related to the control flow of your Perl program , Keywords related to scoping, Miscellaneous functions, Functions for processes and process groups
 , Keywords related to Perl modules , Keywords related to classes and object-orientation
, Low-level socket functions  , System V interprocess communication functions  
 , Fetching user and group info
     , Fetching network info       , Time-related functions  , Non-function keywords

Portability

Alphabetical Listing of Perl Functions

-X FILEHANDLE

, -X EXPR, -X DIRHANDLE, -X, abs VALUE  , abs, accept NEWSOCKET,GENERICSOCKET , alarm SECONDS   , alarm, atan2 Y,X    , bind SOCKET,NAME , binmode FILEHANDLE, LAYER  
, binmode FILEHANDLE, bless REF,CLASSNAME , bless REF, Bless the referred-to item into a specific package (recommended form):, Bless the referred-to item into package main:, Bless the referred-to item into the current package (not inheritable):, break, caller EXPR    , caller, chdir EXPR
 , chdir FILEHANDLE, chdir DIRHANDLE, chdir, chmod LIST   , chomp VARIABLE
  , chomp( LIST ), chomp, chop VARIABLE , chop( LIST ), chop, chown LIST  
, chr NUMBER    , chr, chroot FILENAME  , chroot, class NAMESPACE, class NAMESPACE VERSION, class NAMESPACE BLOCK, class NAMESPACE VERSION BLOCK, close FILEHANDLE , close, closedir DIRHANDLE , connect SOCKET,NAME , continue BLOCK , continue, cos EXPR
  , cos, crypt PLAINTEXT,SALT
   
 , dbmclose HASH , dbmopen HASH,DBNAME,MASK     , defined EXPR
 , defined, delete EXPR , die LIST
    , do BLOCK  , do EXPR , dump LABEL   , dump EXPR, dump, each HASH  , each ARRAY , eof FILEHANDLE   , eof (), eof, eval EXPR
      , eval BLOCK, eval, String eval, Under the "unicode_eval" feature, Outside the "unicode_eval" feature, If upgraded, $v will be "\xc4\x80" (i.e., the use utf8 has no effect.), If non-upgraded, $v will be "\x{100}", Block eval, evalbytes EXPR , evalbytes, exec LIST  , exec PROGRAM LIST, exists EXPR
, exit EXPR   , exit, exp EXPR     , exp, fc EXPR     , fc, fcntl FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR , __FILE__ , field VARNAME , fileno FILEHANDLE , fileno DIRHANDLE, flock FILEHANDLE,OPERATION   , fork   , format , formline PICTURE,LIST , getc FILEHANDLE    , getc, getlogin
, getpeername SOCKET  , getpgrp PID  , getppid   , getpriority WHICH,WHO   , getpwnam NAME
   
 
   
   
   
   , getgrnam NAME, gethostbyname NAME, getnetbyname NAME, getprotobyname NAME, getpwuid UID, getgrgid GID, getservbyname NAME,PROTO, gethostbyaddr ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getnetbyaddr ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getprotobynumber NUMBER, getservbyport PORT,PROTO, getpwent, getgrent, gethostent, getnetent, getprotoent, getservent, setpwent, setgrent, sethostent STAYOPEN, setnetent STAYOPEN, setprotoent STAYOPEN, setservent STAYOPEN, endpwent, endgrent, endhostent, endnetent, endprotoent, endservent, getsockname SOCKET , getsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME , glob EXPR
  , glob, gmtime EXPR
 , gmtime, goto LABEL   , goto EXPR, goto &NAME, grep BLOCK LIST , grep EXPR,LIST, hex EXPR
, hex, import LIST , index STR,SUBSTR,POSITION   , index STR,SUBSTR, int EXPR     , int, ioctl FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR , join EXPR,LIST , keys HASH
, keys ARRAY, kill SIGNAL, LIST, kill SIGNAL  , last LABEL  , last EXPR, last, lc EXPR  , lc, If use bytes is in effect:, Otherwise, if use locale for LC_CTYPE is in effect:, Otherwise, If EXPR has the UTF8 flag set:, Otherwise, if use feature 'unicode_strings' or use locale ':not_characters' is in effect:, Otherwise:, lcfirst EXPR  , lcfirst, length EXPR  , length, __LINE__ , link OLDFILE,NEWFILE , listen SOCKET,QUEUESIZE , local EXPR , localtime EXPR  , localtime, lock THING , log EXPR     , log, lstat FILEHANDLE , lstat EXPR, lstat DIRHANDLE, lstat, m//, map BLOCK LIST , map EXPR,LIST, method NAME BLOCK , method NAME : ATTRS BLOCK, mkdir FILENAME,MODE   , mkdir FILENAME, mkdir, msgctl ID,CMD,ARG , msgget KEY,FLAGS , msgrcv ID,VAR,SIZE,TYPE,FLAGS , msgsnd ID,MSG,FLAGS , my VARLIST , my TYPE VARLIST, my VARLIST : ATTRS, my TYPE VARLIST : ATTRS, next LABEL  , next EXPR, next, no MODULE VERSION LIST  , no MODULE VERSION, no MODULE LIST, no MODULE, no VERSION, oct EXPR  
  , oct, open FILEHANDLE,MODE,EXPR
  , open FILEHANDLE,MODE,EXPR,LIST, open FILEHANDLE,MODE,REFERENCE, open FILEHANDLE,EXPR, open FILEHANDLE, Working with files, Simple examples, About filehandles, About modes, Checking the return value, Specifying I/O layers in MODE, Using undef for temporary files, Opening a filehandle into an in-memory scalar, Opening a filehandle into a command, Duping filehandles, Legacy usage, Specifying mode and filename as a single argument, Assigning a filehandle to a bareword, Calling open with one argument via global variables, Other considerations, Automatic filehandle closure, Automatic pipe flushing, Direct versus by-reference assignment of filehandles, Whitespace and special characters in the filename argument, Invoking C-style open, Portability issues, opendir DIRHANDLE,EXPR , ord EXPR  , ord, our VARLIST  , our TYPE VARLIST, our VARLIST : ATTRS, our TYPE VARLIST : ATTRS, pack TEMPLATE,LIST , package NAMESPACE, package NAMESPACE VERSION  
, package NAMESPACE BLOCK, package NAMESPACE VERSION BLOCK    , __PACKAGE__ , __CLASS__ , pipe READHANDLE,WRITEHANDLE , pop ARRAY  , pop, pos SCALAR  , pos, print FILEHANDLE LIST , print FILEHANDLE, print LIST, print, printf FILEHANDLE FORMAT, LIST , printf FILEHANDLE, printf FORMAT, LIST, printf, prototype FUNCTION , prototype, push ARRAY,LIST  , q/STRING/, qq/STRING/, qw/STRING/, qx/STRING/, qr/STRING/, quotemeta EXPR  , quotemeta, rand EXPR  , rand, read FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET  , read FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH, readdir DIRHANDLE , readline EXPR, readline   , readlink EXPR , readlink, readpipe EXPR, readpipe , recv SOCKET,SCALAR,LENGTH,FLAGS , redo LABEL , redo EXPR, redo, ref EXPR  , ref, rename OLDNAME,NEWNAME    , require VERSION , require EXPR, require, reset EXPR , reset, return EXPR , return, reverse LIST   , rewinddir DIRHANDLE , rindex STR,SUBSTR,POSITION , rindex STR,SUBSTR, rmdir FILENAME   , rmdir, s///, say FILEHANDLE LIST , say FILEHANDLE, say LIST, say, scalar EXPR  , seek FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE   , seekdir DIRHANDLE,POS , select FILEHANDLE  , select, select RBITS,WBITS,EBITS,TIMEOUT , semctl ID,SEMNUM,CMD,ARG , semget KEY,NSEMS,FLAGS , semop KEY,OPSTRING , send SOCKET,MSG,FLAGS,TO , send SOCKET,MSG,FLAGS, setpgrp PID,PGRP
, setpriority WHICH,WHO,PRIORITY
 , setsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME,OPTVAL , shift ARRAY , shift, shmctl ID,CMD,ARG , shmget KEY,SIZE,FLAGS , shmread ID,VAR,POS,SIZE  , shmwrite ID,STRING,POS,SIZE, shutdown SOCKET,HOW , sin EXPR    , sin, sleep EXPR  , sleep, socket SOCKET,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL , socketpair SOCKET1,SOCKET2,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL , sort SUBNAME LIST , sort BLOCK LIST, sort LIST, splice ARRAY,OFFSET,LENGTH,LIST , splice ARRAY,OFFSET,LENGTH, splice ARRAY,OFFSET, splice ARRAY, split /PATTERN/,EXPR,LIMIT , split /PATTERN/,EXPR, split /PATTERN/, split, sprintf FORMAT, LIST , format parameter index, flags, vector flag, (minimum) width, precision, or maximum width , size, order of arguments, sqrt EXPR   , sqrt, srand EXPR   , srand, stat FILEHANDLE
, stat EXPR, stat DIRHANDLE, stat, state VARLIST , state TYPE VARLIST, state VARLIST : ATTRS, state TYPE VARLIST : ATTRS, study SCALAR , study, sub NAME BLOCK , sub NAME (PROTO) BLOCK, sub NAME : ATTRS BLOCK, sub NAME (PROTO) : ATTRS BLOCK, __SUB__ , substr EXPR,OFFSET,LENGTH,REPLACEMENT
  , substr EXPR,OFFSET,LENGTH, substr EXPR,OFFSET, symlink OLDFILE,NEWFILE    , syscall NUMBER, LIST  , sysopen FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE , sysopen FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE,PERMS, sysread FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET , sysread FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH, sysseek FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE  , system LIST  , system PROGRAM LIST, syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET , syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH, syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR, tell FILEHANDLE , tell, telldir DIRHANDLE , tie VARIABLE,CLASSNAME,LIST , tied VARIABLE , time  , times , tr///, truncate FILEHANDLE,LENGTH , truncate EXPR,LENGTH, uc EXPR   , uc, ucfirst EXPR  , ucfirst, umask EXPR , umask, undef EXPR  , undef, unlink LIST  
, unlink, unpack TEMPLATE,EXPR , unpack TEMPLATE, unshift ARRAY,LIST , untie VARIABLE , use Module VERSION LIST   , use Module VERSION, use Module LIST, use Module, use VERSION, utime LIST , values HASH , values ARRAY, vec EXPR,OFFSET,BITS   , wait , waitpid PID,FLAGS , wantarray  , warn LIST
 , write FILEHANDLE , write EXPR, write, y///

Non-function Keywords by Cross-reference

__DATA__, __END__, BEGIN, CHECK, END, INIT, UNITCHECK, DESTROY, and, cmp, eq, ge, gt, isa, le, lt, ne, not, or, x, xor, AUTOLOAD, else, elsif, for, foreach, if, unless, until, while, elseif, default, given, when, try, catch, finally, defer, ADJUST

DESCRIPTION

OK, HANDLE, MODE, PATHNAME

Opening Text Files

Opening Text Files for Reading

Opening Text Files for Writing

Opening Binary Files

Opening Pipes

Opening a pipe for reading

Opening a pipe for writing

Expressing the command as a list

SEE ALSO

AUTHOR and COPYRIGHT

DESCRIPTION

The Basic Principle

Packing Text

Packing Numbers

Integers

Unpacking a Stack Frame

How to Eat an Egg on a Net

Byte-order modifiers

Floating point Numbers

Exotic Templates

Bit Strings

Uuencoding

Doing Sums

Unicode

Another Portable Binary Encoding

Template Grouping

Lengths and Widths

String Lengths

Dynamic Templates

Counting Repetitions

Intel HEX

Packing and Unpacking C Structures

The Alignment Pit

Dealing with Endian-ness

Alignment, Take 2

Alignment, Take 3

Pointers for How to Use Them

Pack Recipes

Funnies Section

Authors

DESCRIPTION

Ordinary Paragraph

Verbatim Paragraph

Command Paragraph

=head1 Heading Text    
     , =head2 Heading Text, =head3 Heading Text, =head4 Heading Text, =head5 Heading Text, =head6 Heading Text, =over indentlevel      , =item stuff..., =back, =cut  , =pod  , =begin formatname      , =end formatname, =for formatname text..., =encoding encodingname

Formatting Codes

I<text> -- italic text    , B<text> -- bold text  
, C<code> -- code text
 , L<name> -- a hyperlink    , E<escape> -- a character escape  
, F<filename> -- used for filenames    , S<text> -- text contains non-breaking spaces
  , X<topic name> -- an index entry  
, Z<> -- a null (zero-effect) formatting code

The Intent

Embedding Pods in Perl Modules

Hints for Writing Pod

SEE ALSO

AUTHOR

DESCRIPTION

Pod Definitions

Pod Commands

"=head1", "=head2", "=head3", "=head4", "=head5", "=head6", "=pod", "=cut", "=over", "=item", "=back", "=begin formatname", "=begin formatname parameter", "=end formatname", "=for formatname text...", "=encoding encodingname"

Pod Formatting Codes

I<text> -- italic text, B<text> -- bold text, C<code> -- code text, F<filename> -- style for filenames, X<topic name> -- an index entry, Z<> -- a null (zero-effect) formatting code, L<name> -- a hyperlink, E<escape> -- a character escape, S<text> -- text contains non-breaking spaces

Notes on Implementing Pod Processors

About L<...> Codes

First:, Second:, Third:, Fourth:, Fifth:, Sixth:

About =over...=back Regions

About Data Paragraphs and "=begin/=end" Regions

SEE ALSO

AUTHOR

DESCRIPTION

Purpose of this guide

Intended audience

Status of this document

FUNDAMENTALS

Choice of markup: Pod

Choice of language: American English

Choice of encoding: UTF-8

Choice of underlying style guide: CMOS

Contributing to Perl's documentation

FORMATTING AND STRUCTURE

Document structure

Formatting rules

Adding comments

Perlfunc has special rules

TONE AND STYLE

Apply one of the four documentation modes

Assume readers' intelligence, but not their knowledge

Use meaningful variable and symbol names in examples

Write in English, but not just for English-speakers

Omit placeholder text or commentary

Apply section-breaks and examples generously

Lead with common cases and best practices

Document Perl's present

The documentation speaks with one voice

INDEX OF PREFERRED TERMS

built-in function, Darwin, macOS, man page, Perl; perl, Perl 5, Perl 6, Perl 5 Porters, the; porters, the; p5p, program, Raku, script, semicolon, Unix

SEE ALSO

AUTHOR

DESCRIPTION

NAME, SYNOPSIS, DESCRIPTION, OPTIONS, RETURN VALUE, ERRORS, DIAGNOSTICS, EXAMPLES, ENVIRONMENT, FILES, CAVEATS, BUGS, RESTRICTIONS, NOTES, AUTHOR, HISTORY, COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE, SEE ALSO

AUTHOR

COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE

SEE ALSO

DESCRIPTION

SEE ALSO

DESCRIPTION

Unscheduled Deprecations

Perl 5.44

Perl 5.42

Perl 5.40

Perl 5.38

Perl 5.34

Perl 5.32

Perl 5.30

Perl 5.28

Perl 5.26

Perl 5.24

Perl 5.16

SEE ALSO

DESCRIPTION

DESCRIPTION

The Perl Debugger

Calling the Debugger

perl -d program_name, perl -d -e 0, perl -d:ptkdb program_name, perl -dt threaded_program_name

Debugger Commands

h , h [command], h h, p expr , x [maxdepth] expr , V [pkg [vars]] , X [vars] , y [level [vars]] , T   , s [expr]  , n [expr] , r , <CR>, c [line|sub] , l , l min+incr, l min-max, l line, l subname, - , v [line] , . , f filename , /pattern/, ?pattern?, L [abw] , S [[!]regex] , t [n] , t [n] expr , b  , b [line] [condition]  , b [file]:[line] [condition]  , b subname [condition]  , b postpone subname [condition]  , b load filename
, b compile subname  , B line  , B *
, disable [file]:[line]
, disable [line]
, enable [file]:[line]
, enable [line]
, a [line] command , A line , A * , w expr , W expr , W * , o , o booloption ... , o anyoption? ... , o option=value ... , < ? , < [ command ] , < * , << command , > ? , > command , > * , >> command , { ? , { [ command ], { * , {{ command , ! number , ! -number , ! pattern , !! cmd , source file , H -number , q or ^D  , R , |dbcmd , ||dbcmd , command, m expr , M , man [manpage]

Configurable Options

recallCommand, ShellBang  , pager , tkRunning , signalLevel, warnLevel, dieLevel
 , AutoTrace , LineInfo , inhibit_exit , PrintRet , ornaments , frame , maxTraceLen , windowSize , arrayDepth, hashDepth  , dumpDepth , compactDump, veryCompact  , globPrint , DumpDBFiles , DumpPackages , DumpReused , quote, HighBit, undefPrint
, UsageOnly , HistFile , HistSize , TTY , noTTY , ReadLine , NonStop

Debugger Input/Output

Prompt, Multiline commands, Stack backtrace  , Line Listing Format, Frame listing

Debugging Compile-Time Statements

Debugger Customization

Readline Support / History in the Debugger

Editor Support for Debugging

The Perl Profiler

Debugging Regular Expressions

Debugging Memory Usage

SEE ALSO

BUGS

DESCRIPTION

The Syntax of Variable Names

SPECIAL VARIABLES

General Variables

$ARG, $_  , @ARG, @_  , $LIST_SEPARATOR, $"  , $PROCESS_ID, $PID, $$   , $PROGRAM_NAME, $0  , $REAL_GROUP_ID, $GID, $(
, $EFFECTIVE_GROUP_ID, $EGID, $)   , $REAL_USER_ID, $UID, $<   , $EFFECTIVE_USER_ID, $EUID, $>   , $SUBSCRIPT_SEPARATOR, $SUBSEP, $;   , $a, $b  , %ENV , $OLD_PERL_VERSION, $]  , $SYSTEM_FD_MAX, $^F
, @F , @INC , %INC , $INC , $INPLACE_EDIT, $^I  , @ISA , $^M , ${^MAX_NESTED_EVAL_BEGIN_BLOCKS}, $OSNAME, $^O  , %SIG , %{^HOOK} , require__before, require__after, $BASETIME, $^T  , $PERL_VERSION, $^V  , $EXECUTABLE_NAME, $^X

Variables related to regular expressions

$<digits> ($1, $2, ...)    , @{^CAPTURE}
, $MATCH, $&  , ${^MATCH} , $PREMATCH, $`  , ${^PREMATCH} , $POSTMATCH, $'   , ${^POSTMATCH} , $LAST_PAREN_MATCH, $+  , $LAST_SUBMATCH_RESULT, $^N  , @LAST_MATCH_END, @+  , %{^CAPTURE}, %LAST_PAREN_MATCH, %+   , @LAST_MATCH_START, @-  , $` is the same as substr($var, 0, $-[0]), $& is the same as substr($var, $-[0], $+[0] - $-[0]), $' is the same as substr($var, $+[0]), $1 is the same as substr($var, $-[1], $+[1] - $-[1]), $2 is the same as substr($var, $-[2], $+[2] - $-[2]), $3 is the same as substr($var, $-[3], $+[3] - $-[3]), %{^CAPTURE_ALL} , %- , ${^LAST_SUCCESSFUL_PATTERN}, $LAST_REGEXP_CODE_RESULT, $^R  , ${^RE_COMPILE_RECURSION_LIMIT} , ${^RE_DEBUG_FLAGS} , ${^RE_TRIE_MAXBUF}

Variables related to filehandles

$ARGV , @ARGV , ARGV , ARGVOUT , IO::Handle->output_field_separator( EXPR ), $OUTPUT_FIELD_SEPARATOR, $OFS, $,   , HANDLE->input_line_number( EXPR ), $INPUT_LINE_NUMBER, $NR, $.    , IO::Handle->input_record_separator( EXPR ), $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR, $RS, $/   , IO::Handle->output_record_separator( EXPR ), $OUTPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR, $ORS, $\   , HANDLE->autoflush( EXPR ), $OUTPUT_AUTOFLUSH, $|    , ${^LAST_FH} , $ACCUMULATOR, $^A  , IO::Handle->format_formfeed(EXPR), $FORMAT_FORMFEED, $^L  , HANDLE->format_page_number(EXPR), $FORMAT_PAGE_NUMBER, $%  , HANDLE->format_lines_left(EXPR), $FORMAT_LINES_LEFT, $-  , IO::Handle->format_line_break_characters EXPR, $FORMAT_LINE_BREAK_CHARACTERS, $:  , HANDLE->format_lines_per_page(EXPR), $FORMAT_LINES_PER_PAGE, $=  , HANDLE->format_top_name(EXPR), $FORMAT_TOP_NAME, $^  , HANDLE->format_name(EXPR), $FORMAT_NAME, $~

Error Variables

${^CHILD_ERROR_NATIVE} , $EXTENDED_OS_ERROR, $^E
, $EXCEPTIONS_BEING_CAUGHT, $^S  , $WARNING, $^W  , ${^WARNING_BITS} , $OS_ERROR, $ERRNO, $!   , %OS_ERROR, %ERRNO, %!   , $CHILD_ERROR, $?  , $EVAL_ERROR, $@

Variables related to the interpreter state

$COMPILING, $^C  , $DEBUGGING, $^D  , ${^GLOBAL_PHASE} , CONSTRUCT, START, CHECK, INIT, RUN, END, DESTRUCT, $^H , %^H , ${^OPEN} , $PERLDB, $^P
, 0x01, 0x02, 0x04, 0x08, 0x10, 0x20, 0x40, 0x80, 0x100, 0x200, 0x400, 0x800, 0x1000, ${^TAINT} , ${^SAFE_LOCALES} , ${^UNICODE} , ${^UTF8CACHE} , ${^UTF8LOCALE}

Deprecated and removed variables

$# , $* , $[ , ${^ENCODING} , ${^WIN32_SLOPPY_STAT}

DESCRIPTION

The Basics

Modifiers

m    , s    , i    , x and xx , p   , a, d, l, and u
 , n    , Other Modifiers

Regular Expressions

[1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8]

Quoting metacharacters

Extended Patterns

(?#text) , (?adlupimnsx-imnsx), (?^alupimnsx)  , (?:pattern) , (?adluimnsx-imnsx:pattern), (?^aluimnsx:pattern) , (?|pattern)  , Lookaround Assertions    , (?=pattern), (*pla:pattern), (*positive_lookahead:pattern)  
 , (?!pattern), (*nla:pattern), (*negative_lookahead:pattern)  
 , (?<=pattern), \K, (*plb:pattern), (*positive_lookbehind:pattern)  
  , (?<!pattern), (*nlb:pattern), (*negative_lookbehind:pattern)  
 , (?<NAME>pattern), (?'NAME'pattern)
 , \k<NAME>, \k'NAME', \k{NAME}, (?{ code })    , (*{ code })  , (??{ code })
 , (?PARNO) (?-PARNO) (?+PARNO) (?R) (?0)
     
 
 , (?&NAME) , (?(condition)yes-pattern|no-pattern) , (?(condition)yes-pattern), an integer in parentheses, a lookahead/lookbehind/evaluate zero-width assertion;, a name in angle brackets or single quotes, the special symbol (R), (1) (2) .., (<NAME>) ('NAME'), (?=...) (?!...) (?<=...) (?<!...), (?{ CODE }), (*{ CODE }), (R), (R1) (R2) .., (R&NAME), (DEFINE), (?>pattern), (*atomic:pattern)  
 , (?[ ])

Backtracking

Script Runs

Special Backtracking Control Verbs

Verbs, (*PRUNE) (*PRUNE:NAME)  , (*SKIP) (*SKIP:NAME) , (*MARK:NAME) (*:NAME)
 , (*THEN) (*THEN:NAME), (*COMMIT) (*COMMIT:arg) , (*FAIL) (*F) (*FAIL:arg)  , (*ACCEPT) (*ACCEPT:arg)

Warning on \1 Instead of $1

Repeated Patterns Matching a Zero-length Substring

Combining RE Pieces

ST, S|T, S{REPEAT_COUNT}, S{min,max}, S{min,max}?, S?, S*, S+, S??, S*?, S+?, (?>S), (?=S), (?<=S), (?!S), (?<!S), (??{ EXPR }), (?PARNO), (?(condition)yes-pattern|no-pattern)

Creating Custom RE Engines

Embedded Code Execution Frequency

PCRE/Python Support

(?P<NAME>pattern), (?P=NAME), (?P>NAME)

BUGS

SEE ALSO

DESCRIPTION

The backslash

[1]

All the sequences and escapes

Character Escapes

[1], [2]

Modifiers

Character classes

Referencing

Assertions

\A, \z, \Z, \G, \b{}, \b, \B{}, \B, \b{gcb} or \b{g}, \b{lb}, \b{sb}, \b{wb}

Misc

\K, \N, \R , \X

DESCRIPTION

The dot

Backslash sequences

If the /a modifier is in effect .., otherwise .., For code points above 255 .., For code points below 256 .., if locale rules are in effect .., if, instead, Unicode rules are in effect .., otherwise .., If the /a modifier is in effect .., otherwise .., For code points above 255 .., For code points below 256 .., if locale rules are in effect .., if, instead, Unicode rules are in effect .., otherwise .., [1], [2]

Bracketed Character Classes

[1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], If the /a modifier, is in effect .., otherwise .., For code points above 255 .., For code points below 256 .., if locale rules are in effect .., word, ascii, blank, if, instead, Unicode rules are in effect .., otherwise ..

DESCRIPTION

OPERATORS

SYNTAX

ESCAPE SEQUENCES

CHARACTER CLASSES

ANCHORS

QUANTIFIERS

EXTENDED CONSTRUCTS

VARIABLES

FUNCTIONS

TERMINOLOGY

AUTHOR

SEE ALSO

THANKS

NOTE

DESCRIPTION

Making References

Using References

Circular References

Symbolic references

Not-so-symbolic references

Pseudo-hashes: Using an array as a hash

Function Templates

Postfix Dereference Syntax

Postfix Reference Slicing

Assigning to References

Declaring a Reference to a Variable

WARNING: Don't use references as hash keys

SEE ALSO

DESCRIPTION

Text Fields

Numeric Fields

The Field @* for Variable-Width Multi-Line Text

The Field ^* for Variable-Width One-line-at-a-time Text

Specifying Values

Using Fill Mode

Suppressing Lines Where All Fields Are Void

Repeating Format Lines

Top of Form Processing

Format Variables

NOTES

Footers

Accessing Formatting Internals

WARNINGS

DESCRIPTION

An Object is Simply a Data Structure

A Class is Simply a Package

A Method is Simply a Subroutine

Method Invocation

Inheritance

Writing Constructors

Attributes

An Aside About Smarter and Safer Code

Method Call Variations

Invoking Class Methods

bless, blessed, and ref

The UNIVERSAL Class

isa($class) , DOES($role) , can($method) , VERSION($need)

AUTOLOAD

Destructors

Non-Hash Objects

Inside-Out objects

Pseudo-hashes

SEE ALSO

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

Tying Scalars

TIESCALAR classname, LIST , FETCH this , STORE this, value , UNTIE this , DESTROY this

Tying Arrays

TIEARRAY classname, LIST , FETCH this, index , STORE this, index, value , FETCHSIZE this , STORESIZE this, count , EXTEND this, count , EXISTS this, key , DELETE this, key , CLEAR this , PUSH this, LIST
, POP this , SHIFT this , UNSHIFT this, LIST  , SPLICE this, offset, length, LIST , UNTIE this , DESTROY this

Tying Hashes

USER, HOME, CLOBBER, LIST, TIEHASH classname, LIST , FETCH this, key , STORE this, key, value , DELETE this, key , CLEAR this , EXISTS this, key , FIRSTKEY this , NEXTKEY this, lastkey , SCALAR this , UNTIE this , DESTROY this

Tying FileHandles

TIEHANDLE classname, LIST , WRITE this, LIST , PRINT this, LIST , PRINTF this, LIST , READ this, LIST , READLINE this , GETC this , EOF this , CLOSE this , UNTIE this , DESTROY this

UNTIE this

The untie Gotcha

SEE ALSO

BUGS

AUTHOR

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

filter_store_key, filter_store_value, filter_fetch_key, filter_fetch_value

The Filter

An Example: the NULL termination problem

Another Example: Key is a C int

SEE ALSO

AUTHOR

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

History

KEYWORDS

class

field

method

ATTRIBUTES

Class attributes

Field attributes

Method attributes

OBJECT LIFECYCLE

Construction

Adjustment

Lifetime

Destruction

TODO

Roles, Parameters to ADJUST blocks, ADJUST blocks as true blocks, More accessor generator attributes, Metaprogramming, Extension Customisation

KNOWN BUGS

AUTHORS

DESCRIPTION

Signals

Handling the SIGHUP Signal in Daemons

Deferred Signals (Safe Signals)

Long-running opcodes, Interrupting IO, Restartable system calls, Signals as "faults", Signals triggered by operating system state

Named Pipes

Using open() for IPC

Filehandles

Background Processes

Complete Dissociation of Child from Parent

Safe Pipe Opens

Avoiding Pipe Deadlocks

Bidirectional Communication with Another Process

Bidirectional Communication with Yourself

Sockets: Client/Server Communication

Internet Line Terminators

Internet TCP Clients and Servers

Unix-Domain TCP Clients and Servers

TCP Clients with IO::Socket

A Simple Client

Proto, PeerAddr, PeerPort

A Webget Client

Interactive Client with IO::Socket

TCP Servers with IO::Socket

Proto, LocalPort, Listen, Reuse

UDP: Message Passing

SysV IPC

NOTES

BUGS

AUTHOR

SEE ALSO

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

Behavior of other Perl features in forked pseudo-processes

$$ or $PROCESS_ID, %ENV, chdir() and all other builtins that accept filenames, wait() and waitpid(), kill(), exec(), exit(), Open handles to files, directories and network sockets

Resource limits

Killing the parent process

Lifetime of the parent process and pseudo-processes

CAVEATS AND LIMITATIONS

BEGIN blocks, Open filehandles, Open directory handles, Forking pipe open() not yet implemented, Global state maintained by XSUBs, Interpreter embedded in larger application, Thread-safety of extensions

PORTABILITY CAVEATS

BUGS

AUTHOR

SEE ALSO

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

Storing numbers

Numeric operators and numeric conversions

Flavors of Perl numeric operations

Arithmetic operators, ++, Arithmetic operators during use integer, Other mathematical operators, Bitwise operators, Bitwise operators during use integer, Operators which expect an integer, Operators which expect a string

AUTHOR

SEE ALSO

DESCRIPTION

What Is A Thread Anyway?

Threaded Program Models

Boss/Worker

Work Crew

Pipeline

What kind of threads are Perl threads?

Thread-Safe Modules

Thread Basics

Basic Thread Support

A Note about the Examples

Creating Threads

Waiting For A Thread To Exit

Ignoring A Thread

Process and Thread Termination

Threads And Data

Shared And Unshared Data

Thread Pitfalls: Races

Synchronization and control

Controlling access: lock()

A Thread Pitfall: Deadlocks

Queues: Passing Data Around

Semaphores: Synchronizing Data Access

Basic semaphores

Advanced Semaphores

Waiting for a Condition

Giving up control

General Thread Utility Routines

What Thread Am I In?

Thread IDs

Are These Threads The Same?

What Threads Are Running?

A Complete Example

Different implementations of threads

Performance considerations

Process-scope Changes

Thread-Safety of System Libraries

Conclusion

SEE ALSO

Bibliography

Introductory Texts

OS-Related References

Other References

Acknowledgements

AUTHOR

Copyrights

DESCRIPTION

Not all Perl programs have to be portable, Nearly all of Perl already is portable

ISSUES

Newlines

Numbers endianness and Width

Files and Filesystems

System Interaction

Command names versus file pathnames

Networking

Interprocess Communication (IPC)

External Subroutines (XS)

Standard Modules

Time and Date

Character sets and character encoding

Internationalisation

System Resources

Security

Style

CPAN Testers

PLATFORMS

Unix

DOS and Derivatives

VMS

VOS

EBCDIC Platforms

Acorn RISC OS

Other perls

FUNCTION IMPLEMENTATIONS

Alphabetical Listing of Perl Functions

-X, alarm, atan2, binmode, chdir, chmod, chown, chroot, crypt, dbmclose, dbmopen, dump, exec, exit, fcntl, flock, fork, getlogin, getpgrp, getppid, getpriority, getpwnam, getgrnam, getnetbyname, getpwuid, getgrgid, getnetbyaddr, getprotobynumber, getpwent, getgrent, gethostbyname, gethostent, getnetent, getprotoent, getservent, seekdir, sethostent, setnetent, setprotoent, setservent, endpwent, endgrent, endhostent, endnetent, endprotoent, endservent, getsockopt, glob, gmtime, ioctl, kill, link, localtime, lstat, msgctl, msgget, msgsnd, msgrcv, open, readlink, rename, rewinddir, select, semctl, semget, semop, setgrent, setpgrp, setpriority, setpwent, setsockopt, shmctl, shmget, shmread, shmwrite, sleep, socketpair, stat, symlink, syscall, sysopen, system, telldir, times, truncate, umask, utime, wait, waitpid

Supported Platforms

Linux (x86, ARM, IA64), HP-UX, AIX, Win32, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008, Windows 7, Cygwin, Solaris (x86, SPARC), OpenVMS, Alpha (7.2 and later), I64 (8.2 and later), NetBSD, FreeBSD, Debian GNU/kFreeBSD, Haiku, Irix (6.5. What else?), OpenBSD, Dragonfly BSD, Midnight BSD, QNX Neutrino RTOS (6.5.0), MirOS BSD, Stratus OpenVOS (17.0 or later), time_t issues that may or may not be fixed, Stratus VOS / OpenVOS, AIX, Android, FreeMINT

EOL Platforms

(Perl 5.37.1)

Ultrix

(Perl 5.36)

NetWare, DOS/DJGPP, AT&T UWIN

(Perl 5.20)

AT&T 3b1

(Perl 5.14)

Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows ME, Windows NT4

(Perl 5.12)

Atari MiNT, Apollo Domain/OS, Apple Mac OS 8/9, Tenon Machten

Supported Platforms (Perl 5.8)

SEE ALSO

AUTHORS / CONTRIBUTORS

DESCRIPTION

WHAT IS A LOCALE

Category LC_NUMERIC: Numeric formatting, Category LC_MONETARY: Formatting of monetary amounts, Category LC_TIME: Date/Time formatting, Category LC_COLLATE: Collation, Category LC_CTYPE: Character Types, Category LC_MESSAGES: Error and other messages, Category LC_TIME: Date/Time formatting, Category LC_ALL, Other categories

PREPARING TO USE LOCALES

USING LOCALES

The "use locale" pragma

Not within the scope of "use locale", Lingering effects of use locale, Under "use locale";

The setlocale function

Multi-threaded operation

Finding locales

LOCALE PROBLEMS

The localeconv function

I18N::Langinfo

LOCALE CATEGORIES

Category LC_COLLATE: Collation: Text Comparisons and Sorting

Category LC_CTYPE: Character Types

Category LC_NUMERIC: Numeric Formatting

Category LC_MONETARY: Formatting of monetary amounts

Category LC_TIME: Respresentation of time

Category LC_MESSAGES: System messages

Other categories

SECURITY

ENVIRONMENT

PERL_SKIP_LOCALE_INIT, PERL_BADLANG, LC_ALL, LANGUAGE, LC_CTYPE, LC_COLLATE, LC_MONETARY, LC_NUMERIC, LC_TIME, LANG

Examples

NOTES

String eval and LC_NUMERIC

Backward compatibility

I18N:Collate obsolete

Sort speed and memory use impacts

Freely available locale definitions

I18n and l10n

An imperfect standard

Unicode and UTF-8

BUGS

Collation of strings containing embedded NUL characters

LANGUAGE

Embedded perls and multi-threaded

Broken systems

SEE ALSO

HISTORY

DESCRIPTION

Unicode

Perl's Unicode Support

Perl's Unicode Model

Unicode and EBCDIC

Creating Unicode

Handling Unicode

Legacy Encodings

Unicode I/O

Displaying Unicode As Text

Special Cases

Advanced Topics

Miscellaneous

Questions With Answers

Hexadecimal Notation

Further Resources

UNICODE IN OLDER PERLS

SEE ALSO

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

AUTHOR, COPYRIGHT, AND LICENSE

DESCRIPTION

Important Caveats

Safest if you use feature 'unicode_strings', Input and Output Layers, You must convert your non-ASCII, non-UTF-8 Perl scripts to be UTF-8, use utf8 still needed to enable UTF-8 in scripts, UTF-16 scripts autodetected

Byte and Character Semantics

ASCII Rules versus Unicode Rules

When the string has been upgraded to UTF-8, There are additional methods for regular expression patterns

Extended Grapheme Clusters (Logical characters)

Unicode Character Properties

\p{All}, \p{Alnum}, \p{Any}, \p{ASCII}, \p{Assigned}, \p{Blank}, \p{Decomposition_Type: Non_Canonical}    (Short: \p{Dt=NonCanon}), \p{Graph}, \p{HorizSpace}, \p{In=*}, \p{PerlSpace}, \p{PerlWord}, \p{Posix...}, \p{Present_In: *}    (Short: \p{In=*}), \p{Print}, \p{SpacePerl}, \p{Title} and  \p{Titlecase}, \p{Unicode}, \p{VertSpace}, \p{Word}, \p{XPosix...}

Comparison of \N{...} and \p{name=...}

[1], [2], [3], [4], [5]

Wildcards in Property Values

User-Defined Character Properties

User-Defined Case Mappings (for serious hackers only)

Character Encodings for Input and Output

Unicode Regular Expression Support Level

[1] \N{U+...} and \x{...}, [2] \p{...} \P{...}.  This requirement is for a minimal list of properties.  Perl supports these. See R2.7 for other properties, [3], [4], [5] \b \B meet most, but not all, the details of this requirement, but \b{wb} and \B{wb} do, as well as the stricter R2.3, [6], [7], [8] UTF-8/UTF-EBDDIC used in Perl allows not only U+10000 to U+10FFFF but also beyond U+10FFFF, [9] Unicode has rewritten this portion of UTS#18 to say that getting canonical equivalence (see UAX#15 "Unicode Normalization Forms" <https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr15>) is basically to be done at the programmer level.  Use NFD to write both your regular expressions and text to match them against (you can use Unicode::Normalize), [10] Perl has \X and \b{gcb}.  Unicode has retracted their "Grapheme Cluster Mode", and recently added string properties, which Perl does not yet support, [11] see UAX#29 "Unicode Text Segmentation" <https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr29>,, [12] see "Wildcards in Property Values" in perlunicode above, [13] Perl supports all the properties in the Unicode Character Database (UCD).  It does not yet support the listed properties that come from other Unicode sources, [14] The only optional property that Perl supports is Named Sequence.  None of these properties are in the UCD

Unicode Encodings

Noncharacter code points

Beyond Unicode code points

Security Implications of Unicode

Unicode in Perl on EBCDIC

Locales

When Unicode Does Not Happen

The "Unicode Bug"

Forcing Unicode in Perl (Or Unforcing Unicode in Perl)

Using Unicode in XS

Hacking Perl to work on earlier Unicode versions (for very serious hackers only)

Porting code from perl-5.6.X

BUGS

Interaction with Extensions

Speed

SEE ALSO

DESCRIPTION

EXAMPLES

℞ 0: Standard preamble

℞ 1: Generic Unicode-savvy filter

℞ 2: Fine-tuning Unicode warnings

℞ 3: Declare source in utf8 for identifiers and literals

℞ 4: Characters and their numbers

℞ 5: Unicode literals by character number

℞ 6: Get character name by number

℞ 7: Get character number by name

℞ 8: Unicode named characters

℞ 9: Unicode named sequences

℞ 10: Custom named characters

℞ 11: Names of CJK codepoints

℞ 12: Explicit encode/decode

℞ 13: Decode program arguments as utf8

℞ 14: Decode program arguments as locale encoding

℞ 15: Declare STD{IN,OUT,ERR} to be utf8

℞ 16: Declare STD{IN,OUT,ERR} to be in locale encoding

℞ 17: Make file I/O default to utf8

℞ 18: Make all I/O and args default to utf8

℞ 19: Open file with specific encoding

℞ 20: Unicode casing

℞ 21: Unicode case-insensitive comparisons

℞ 22: Match Unicode linebreak sequence in regex

℞ 23: Get character category

℞ 24: Disabling Unicode-awareness in builtin charclasses

℞ 25: Match Unicode properties in regex with \p, \P

℞ 26: Custom character properties

℞ 27: Unicode normalization

℞ 28: Convert non-ASCII Unicode numerics

℞ 29: Match Unicode grapheme cluster in regex

℞ 30: Extract by grapheme instead of by codepoint (regex)

℞ 31: Extract by grapheme instead of by codepoint (substr)

℞ 32: Reverse string by grapheme

℞ 33: String length in graphemes

℞ 34: Unicode column-width for printing

℞ 35: Unicode collation

℞ 36: Case- and accent-insensitive Unicode sort

℞ 37: Unicode locale collation

℞ 38: Making cmp work on text instead of codepoints

℞ 39: Case- and accent-insensitive comparisons

℞ 40: Case- and accent-insensitive locale comparisons

℞ 41: Unicode linebreaking

℞ 42: Unicode text in DBM hashes, the tedious way

℞ 43: Unicode text in DBM hashes, the easy way

℞ 44: PROGRAM: Demo of Unicode collation and printing

SEE ALSO

§3.13 Default Case Algorithms, page 113; §4.2  Case, pages 120–122; Case Mappings, page 166–172, especially Caseless Matching starting on page 170, UAX #44: Unicode Character Database, UTS #18: Unicode Regular Expressions, UAX #15: Unicode Normalization Forms, UTS #10: Unicode Collation Algorithm, UAX #29: Unicode Text Segmentation, UAX #14: Unicode Line Breaking Algorithm, UAX #11: East Asian Width

AUTHOR

COPYRIGHT AND LICENCE

REVISION HISTORY

Q and A

perlunitut isn't really a Unicode tutorial, is it?

What character encodings does Perl support?

Which version of perl should I use?

What about binary data, like images?

When should I decode or encode?

What if I don't decode?

What if I don't encode?

If the string's characters are all code point 255 or lower, Perl outputs bytes that match those code points. This is what happens with encoded strings. It can also, though, happen with unencoded strings that happen to be all code point 255 or lower, Otherwise, Perl outputs the string encoded as UTF-8. This only happens with strings you neglected to encode. Since that should not happen, Perl also throws a "wide character" warning in this case

Is there a way to automatically decode or encode?

What if I don't know which encoding was used?

Can I use Unicode in my Perl sources?

Data::Dumper doesn't restore the UTF8 flag; is it broken?

Why do regex character classes sometimes match only in the ASCII range?

Why do some characters not uppercase or lowercase correctly?

How can I determine if a string is a text string or a binary string?

How do I convert from encoding FOO to encoding BAR?

What are decode_utf8 and encode_utf8?

What is a "wide character"?

INTERNALS

What is "the UTF8 flag"?

What about the use bytes pragma?

What about the use encoding pragma?

What is the difference between :encoding and :utf8?

What's the difference between UTF-8 and utf8?

I lost track; what encoding is the internal format really?

AUTHOR

SEE ALSO

DESCRIPTION

Properties accessible through \p{} and \P{}

Single form (\p{name}) tighter rules:, white space adjacent to a non-word character, underscores separating digits in numbers, Compound form (\p{name=value} or \p{name:value}) tighter rules:, Stabilized, Deprecated, Obsolete, Discouraged, * is a wild-card, (\d+) in the info column gives the number of Unicode code points matched by this property, D means this is deprecated, O means this is obsolete, S means this is stabilized, T means tighter (stricter) name matching applies, X means use of this form is discouraged, and may not be stable

Legal \p{} and \P{} constructs that match no characters

\p{Canonical_Combining_Class=Attached_Below_Left}, \p{Canonical_Combining_Class=CCC133}, \p{Grapheme_Cluster_Break=E_Base}, \p{Grapheme_Cluster_Break=E_Base_GAZ}, \p{Grapheme_Cluster_Break=E_Modifier}, \p{Grapheme_Cluster_Break=Glue_After_Zwj}, \p{Word_Break=E_Base}, \p{Word_Break=E_Base_GAZ}, \p{Word_Break=E_Modifier}, \p{Word_Break=Glue_After_Zwj}

Properties accessible through Unicode::UCD

Properties accessible through other means

Unicode character properties that are NOT accepted by Perl

Expands_On_NFC (XO_NFC), Expands_On_NFD (XO_NFD), Expands_On_NFKC (XO_NFKC), Expands_On_NFKD (XO_NFKD), Grapheme_Link (Gr_Link), Jamo_Short_Name (JSN), Other_Alphabetic (OAlpha), Other_Default_Ignorable_Code_Point (ODI), Other_Grapheme_Extend (OGr_Ext), Other_ID_Continue (OIDC), Other_ID_Start (OIDS), Other_Lowercase (OLower), Other_Math (OMath), Other_Uppercase (OUpper), Script=Katakana_Or_Hiragana (sc=Hrkt), Script_Extensions=Katakana_Or_Hiragana (scx=Hrkt)

Other information in the Unicode data base

auxiliary/GraphemeBreakTest.html, auxiliary/LineBreakTest.html, auxiliary/SentenceBreakTest.html, auxiliary/WordBreakTest.html, BidiCharacterTest.txt, BidiTest.txt, CJKRadicals.txt, confusables.txt, confusablesSummary.txt, intentional.txt, emoji/ReadMe.txt, ReadMe.txt, EmojiSources.txt, extracted/DName.txt, Index.txt, NamedSqProv.txt, NamesList.html, NamesList.txt, NormalizationCorrections.txt, NushuSources.txt, StandardizedVariants.html, StandardizedVariants.txt, TangutSources.txt, USourceData.txt, USourceGlyphs.pdf

SEE ALSO

DESCRIPTION

Definitions

Your new toolkit

I/O flow (the actual 5 minute tutorial)

SUMMARY

Q and A (or FAQ)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

AUTHOR

SEE ALSO

DESCRIPTION

COMMON CHARACTER CODE SETS

ASCII

ISO 8859

Latin 1 (ISO 8859-1)

EBCDIC

0037, 1047, POSIX-BC

Unicode code points versus EBCDIC code points

Unicode and UTF

Using Encode

SINGLE OCTET TABLES

recipe 0, recipe 1, recipe 2, recipe 3, recipe 4, recipe 5, recipe 6

Table in hex, sorted in 1047 order

IDENTIFYING CHARACTER CODE SETS

CONVERSIONS

utf8::unicode_to_native() and utf8::native_to_unicode()

tr///

iconv

C RTL

OPERATOR DIFFERENCES

FUNCTION DIFFERENCES

chr(), ord(), pack(), print(), printf(), sort(), sprintf(), unpack()

REGULAR EXPRESSION DIFFERENCES

SOCKETS

SORTING

Ignore ASCII vs. EBCDIC sort differences

Use a sort helper function

MONO CASE then sort data (for non-digits, non-underscore)

Perform sorting on one type of platform only

TRANSFORMATION FORMATS

URL decoding and encoding

uu encoding and decoding

Quoted-Printable encoding and decoding

Caesarean ciphers

Hashing order and checksums

I18N AND L10N

MULTI-OCTET CHARACTER SETS

OS ISSUES

OS/400

PASE, IFS access

OS/390, z/OS

sigaction, chcp, dataset access, iconv, locales

POSIX-BC?

BUGS

SEE ALSO

REFERENCES

HISTORY

AUTHOR

DESCRIPTION

SECURITY VULNERABILITY CONTACT INFORMATION

SECURITY MECHANISMS AND CONCERNS

Taint mode

Laundering and Detecting Tainted Data

Switches On the "#!" Line

Taint mode and @INC

Cleaning Up Your Path

Shebang Race Condition

Protecting Your Programs

Unicode

Algorithmic Complexity Attacks

Hash Seed Randomization, Hash Traversal Randomization, Bucket Order Perturbance, New Default Hash Function, Alternative Hash Functions

Using Sudo

SEE ALSO

DESCRIPTION

REPORTING SECURITY ISSUES IN PERL

WHAT ARE SECURITY ISSUES

Software covered by the Perl security team

Bugs that may qualify as security issues in Perl

Bugs that do not qualify as security issues in Perl

Bugs that require special categorization

HOW WE DEAL WITH SECURITY ISSUES

Perl's vulnerability remediation workflow

Publicly known and zero-day security issues

Vulnerability credit and bounties

DESCRIPTION

Is this the document you were after?

This doc, perlnewmod, perlmodstyle

Packages

Symbol Tables

BEGIN, UNITCHECK, CHECK, INIT and END

Perl Classes

Perl Modules

Making your module threadsafe

SEE ALSO

THE PERL MODULE LIBRARY

Pragmatic Modules

attributes, autodie, autodie::exception, autodie::exception::system, autodie::hints, autodie::skip, autouse, base, bigfloat, bigint, bignum, bigrat, blib, builtin, bytes, charnames, constant, deprecate, diagnostics, encoding, encoding::warnings, experimental, feature, fields, filetest, if, integer, less, lib, locale, mro, ok, open, ops, overload, overloading, parent, re, sigtrap, sort, stable, strict, subs, threads, threads::shared, utf8, vars, version, vmsish, warnings, warnings::register

Standard Modules

Amiga::ARexx, Amiga::Exec, AnyDBM_File, App::Cpan, App::Prove, App::Prove::State, App::Prove::State::Result, App::Prove::State::Result::Test, Archive::Tar, Archive::Tar::File, Attribute::Handlers, AutoLoader, AutoSplit, B, B::Concise, B::Deparse, B::Op_private, B::Showlex, B::Terse, B::Xref, Benchmark, IO::Socket::IP, Socket, Test2::Tools::Refcount, CORE, CPAN, CPAN::API::HOWTO, CPAN::Debug, CPAN::Distroprefs, CPAN::FirstTime, CPAN::HandleConfig, CPAN::Kwalify, CPAN::Meta, CPAN::Meta::Converter, CPAN::Meta::Feature, CPAN::Meta::History, CPAN::Meta::History::Meta_1_0, CPAN::Meta::History::Meta_1_1, CPAN::Meta::History::Meta_1_2, CPAN::Meta::History::Meta_1_3, CPAN::Meta::History::Meta_1_4, CPAN::Meta::Merge, CPAN::Meta::Prereqs, CPAN::Meta::Requirements, CPAN::Meta::Requirements::Range, CPAN::Meta::Spec, CPAN::Meta::Validator, CPAN::Meta::YAML, CPAN::Nox, CPAN::Plugin, CPAN::Plugin::Specfile, CPAN::Queue, CPAN::Tarzip, CPAN::Version, Carp, Class::Struct, Compress::Raw::Bzip2, Compress::Raw::Zlib, Compress::Zlib, Config, Config::Extensions, Config::Perl::V, Cwd, DB, DBM_Filter, DBM_Filter::compress, DBM_Filter::encode, DBM_Filter::int32, DBM_Filter::null, DBM_Filter::utf8, DB_File, Data::Dumper, Devel::PPPort, Devel::Peek, Devel::SelfStubber, Digest, Digest::MD5, Digest::SHA, Digest::base, Digest::file, DirHandle, Dumpvalue, DynaLoader, Encode, Encode::Alias, Encode::Byte, Encode::CJKConstants, Encode::CN, Encode::CN::HZ, Encode::Config, Encode::EBCDIC, Encode::Encoder, Encode::Encoding, Encode::GSM0338, Encode::Guess, Encode::JP, Encode::JP::H2Z, Encode::JP::JIS7, Encode::KR, Encode::KR::2022_KR, Encode::MIME::Header, Encode::MIME::Name, Encode::PerlIO, Encode::Supported, Encode::Symbol, Encode::TW, Encode::Unicode, Encode::Unicode::UTF7, English, Env, Errno, Exporter, Exporter::Heavy, ExtUtils::CBuilder, ExtUtils::CBuilder::Platform::Windows, ExtUtils::Command, ExtUtils::Command::MM, ExtUtils::Constant, ExtUtils::Constant::Base, ExtUtils::Constant::Utils, ExtUtils::Constant::XS, ExtUtils::Embed, ExtUtils::Install, ExtUtils::Installed, ExtUtils::Liblist, ExtUtils::MM, ExtUtils::MM::Utils, ExtUtils::MM_AIX, ExtUtils::MM_Any, ExtUtils::MM_BeOS, ExtUtils::MM_Cygwin, ExtUtils::MM_DOS, ExtUtils::MM_Darwin, ExtUtils::MM_MacOS, ExtUtils::MM_NW5, ExtUtils::MM_OS2, ExtUtils::MM_OS390, ExtUtils::MM_QNX, ExtUtils::MM_UWIN, ExtUtils::MM_Unix, ExtUtils::MM_VMS, ExtUtils::MM_VOS, ExtUtils::MM_Win32, ExtUtils::MM_Win95, ExtUtils::MY, ExtUtils::MakeMaker, ExtUtils::MakeMaker::Config, ExtUtils::MakeMaker::FAQ, ExtUtils::MakeMaker::Locale, ExtUtils::MakeMaker::Tutorial, ExtUtils::Manifest, ExtUtils::Miniperl, ExtUtils::Mkbootstrap, ExtUtils::Mksymlists, ExtUtils::PL2Bat, ExtUtils::Packlist, ExtUtils::ParseXS, ExtUtils::ParseXS::Constants, ExtUtils::ParseXS::Eval, ExtUtils::ParseXS::Utilities, ExtUtils::Typemaps, ExtUtils::Typemaps::Cmd, ExtUtils::Typemaps::InputMap, ExtUtils::Typemaps::OutputMap, ExtUtils::Typemaps::Type, ExtUtils::XSSymSet, ExtUtils::testlib, Fatal, Fcntl, File::Basename, File::Compare, File::Copy, File::DosGlob, File::Fetch, File::Find, File::Glob, File::GlobMapper, File::Path, File::Spec, File::Spec::AmigaOS, File::Spec::Cygwin, File::Spec::Epoc, File::Spec::Functions, File::Spec::Mac, File::Spec::OS2, File::Spec::Unix, File::Spec::VMS, File::Spec::Win32, File::Temp, File::stat, FileCache, FileHandle, Filter::Simple, Filter::Util::Call, FindBin, GDBM_File, Getopt::Long, Getopt::Long::Parser, Getopt::Std, HTTP::Tiny, Hash::Util, Hash::Util::FieldHash, I18N::Collate, I18N::LangTags, I18N::LangTags::Detect, I18N::LangTags::List, I18N::Langinfo, IO, IO::Compress::Base, IO::Compress::Bzip2, IO::Compress::Deflate, IO::Compress::FAQ, IO::Compress::Gzip, IO::Compress::RawDeflate, IO::Compress::Zip, IO::Dir, IO::File, IO::Handle, IO::Pipe, IO::Poll, IO::Seekable, IO::Select, IO::Socket, IO::Socket::INET, IO::Socket::UNIX, IO::Uncompress::AnyInflate, IO::Uncompress::AnyUncompress, IO::Uncompress::Base, IO::Uncompress::Bunzip2, IO::Uncompress::Gunzip, IO::Uncompress::Inflate, IO::Uncompress::RawInflate, IO::Uncompress::Unzip, IO::Zlib, IPC::Cmd, IPC::Msg, IPC::Open2, IPC::Open3, IPC::Semaphore, IPC::SharedMem, IPC::SysV, Internals, JSON::PP, JSON::PP::Boolean, List::Util, List::Util::XS, Locale::Maketext, Locale::Maketext::Cookbook, Locale::Maketext::Guts, Locale::Maketext::GutsLoader, Locale::Maketext::Simple, Locale::Maketext::TPJ13, MIME::Base64, MIME::QuotedPrint, Math::BigFloat, Math::BigInt, Math::BigInt::Calc, Math::BigInt::FastCalc, Math::BigInt::Lib, Math::BigRat, Math::Complex, Math::Trig, Memoize, Memoize::AnyDBM_File, Memoize::Expire, Memoize::NDBM_File, Memoize::SDBM_File, Memoize::Storable, Module::CoreList, Module::CoreList::Utils, Module::Load, Module::Load::Conditional, Module::Loaded, Module::Metadata, NDBM_File, NEXT, Net::Cmd, Net::Config, Net::Domain, Net::FTP, Net::FTP::dataconn, Net::NNTP, Net::Netrc, Net::POP3, Net::Ping, Net::SMTP, Net::Time, Net::hostent, Net::libnetFAQ, Net::netent, Net::protoent, Net::servent, O, ODBM_File, Opcode, POSIX, Params::Check, Parse::CPAN::Meta, Perl::OSType, PerlIO, PerlIO::encoding, PerlIO::mmap, PerlIO::scalar, PerlIO::via, PerlIO::via::QuotedPrint, Pod::Checker, Pod::Escapes, Pod::Functions, Pod::Html, Pod::Html::Util, Pod::Man, Pod::ParseLink, Pod::Perldoc, Pod::Perldoc::BaseTo, Pod::Perldoc::GetOptsOO, Pod::Perldoc::ToANSI, Pod::Perldoc::ToChecker, Pod::Perldoc::ToMan, Pod::Perldoc::ToNroff, Pod::Perldoc::ToPod, Pod::Perldoc::ToRtf, Pod::Perldoc::ToTerm, Pod::Perldoc::ToText, Pod::Perldoc::ToTk, Pod::Perldoc::ToXml, Pod::Simple, Pod::Simple::Checker, Pod::Simple::Debug, Pod::Simple::DumpAsText, Pod::Simple::DumpAsXML, Pod::Simple::HTML, Pod::Simple::HTMLBatch, Pod::Simple::JustPod, Pod::Simple::LinkSection, Pod::Simple::Methody, Pod::Simple::PullParser, Pod::Simple::PullParserEndToken, Pod::Simple::PullParserStartToken, Pod::Simple::PullParserTextToken, Pod::Simple::PullParserToken, Pod::Simple::RTF, Pod::Simple::Search, Pod::Simple::SimpleTree, Pod::Simple::Subclassing, Pod::Simple::Text, Pod::Simple::TextContent, Pod::Simple::XHTML, Pod::Simple::XMLOutStream, Pod::Text, Pod::Text::Color, Pod::Text::Overstrike, Pod::Text::Termcap, Pod::Usage, SDBM_File, Safe, Scalar::Util, Search::Dict, SelectSaver, SelfLoader, Storable, Sub::Util, Symbol, Sys::Hostname, Sys::Syslog, Sys::Syslog::Win32, TAP::Base, TAP::Formatter::Base, TAP::Formatter::Color, TAP::Formatter::Console, TAP::Formatter::Console::ParallelSession, TAP::Formatter::Console::Session, TAP::Formatter::File, TAP::Formatter::File::Session, TAP::Formatter::Session, TAP::Harness, TAP::Harness::Env, TAP::Object, TAP::Parser, TAP::Parser::Aggregator, TAP::Parser::Grammar, TAP::Parser::Iterator, TAP::Parser::Iterator::Array, TAP::Parser::Iterator::Process, TAP::Parser::Iterator::Stream, TAP::Parser::IteratorFactory, TAP::Parser::Multiplexer, TAP::Parser::Result, TAP::Parser::Result::Bailout, TAP::Parser::Result::Comment, TAP::Parser::Result::Plan, TAP::Parser::Result::Pragma, TAP::Parser::Result::Test, TAP::Parser::Result::Unknown, TAP::Parser::Result::Version, TAP::Parser::Result::YAML, TAP::Parser::ResultFactory, TAP::Parser::Scheduler, TAP::Parser::Scheduler::Job, TAP::Parser::Scheduler::Spinner, TAP::Parser::Source, TAP::Parser::SourceHandler, TAP::Parser::SourceHandler::Executable, TAP::Parser::SourceHandler::File, TAP::Parser::SourceHandler::Handle, TAP::Parser::SourceHandler::Perl, TAP::Parser::SourceHandler::RawTAP, TAP::Parser::YAMLish::Reader, TAP::Parser::YAMLish::Writer, Term::ANSIColor, Term::Cap, Term::Complete, Term::ReadLine, Term::Table, Term::Table::Cell, Term::Table::CellStack, Term::Table::HashBase, Term::Table::LineBreak, Term::Table::Util, Test, Test2, Test2::API, Test2::API::Breakage, Test2::API::Context, Test2::API::Instance, Test2::API::InterceptResult, Test2::API::InterceptResult::Event, Test2::API::InterceptResult::Hub, Test2::API::InterceptResult::Squasher, Test2::API::Stack, Test2::AsyncSubtest, Test2::AsyncSubtest::Event::Attach, Test2::AsyncSubtest::Event::Detach, Test2::AsyncSubtest::Hub, Test2::Bundle, Test2::Bundle::Extended, Test2::Bundle::More, Test2::Bundle::Simple, Test2::Compare, Test2::Compare::Array, Test2::Compare::Bag, Test2::Compare::Base, Test2::Compare::Bool, Test2::Compare::Custom, Test2::Compare::DeepRef, Test2::Compare::Delta, Test2::Compare::Event, Test2::Compare::EventMeta, Test2::Compare::Float, Test2::Compare::Hash, Test2::Compare::Isa, Test2::Compare::Meta, Test2::Compare::Negatable, Test2::Compare::Number, Test2::Compare::Object, Test2::Compare::OrderedSubset, Test2::Compare::Pattern, Test2::Compare::Ref, Test2::Compare::Regex, Test2::Compare::Scalar, Test2::Compare::Set, Test2::Compare::String, Test2::Compare::Undef, Test2::Compare::Wildcard, Test2::Event, Test2::Event::Bail, Test2::Event::Diag, Test2::Event::Encoding, Test2::Event::Exception, Test2::Event::Fail, Test2::Event::Generic, Test2::Event::Note, Test2::Event::Ok, Test2::Event::Pass, Test2::Event::Plan, Test2::Event::Skip, Test2::Event::Subtest, Test2::Event::TAP::Version, Test2::Event::V2, Test2::Event::Waiting, Test2::EventFacet, Test2::EventFacet::About, Test2::EventFacet::Amnesty, Test2::EventFacet::Assert, Test2::EventFacet::Control, Test2::EventFacet::Error, Test2::EventFacet::Hub, Test2::EventFacet::Info, Test2::EventFacet::Info::Table, Test2::EventFacet::Meta, Test2::EventFacet::Parent, Test2::EventFacet::Plan, Test2::EventFacet::Render, Test2::EventFacet::Trace, Test2::Formatter, Test2::Formatter::TAP, Test2::Hub, Test2::Hub::Interceptor, Test2::Hub::Interceptor::Terminator, Test2::Hub::Subtest, Test2::IPC, Test2::IPC::Driver, Test2::IPC::Driver::Files, Test2::Manual, Test2::Manual::Anatomy, Test2::Manual::Anatomy::API, Test2::Manual::Anatomy::Context, Test2::Manual::Anatomy::Event, Test2::Manual::Anatomy::Hubs, Test2::Manual::Anatomy::IPC, Test2::Manual::Anatomy::Utilities, Test2::Manual::Concurrency, Test2::Manual::Contributing, Test2::Manual::EndToEnd, Test2::Manual::Testing, Test2::Manual::Testing::Introduction, Test2::Manual::Testing::Migrating, Test2::Manual::Testing::Planning, Test2::Manual::Testing::Todo, Test2::Manual::Tooling, Test2::Manual::Tooling::FirstTool, Test2::Manual::Tooling::Formatter, Test2::Manual::Tooling::Nesting, Test2::Manual::Tooling::Plugin::TestExit, Test2::Manual::Tooling::Plugin::TestingDone, Test2::Manual::Tooling::Plugin::ToolCompletes, Test2::Manual::Tooling::Plugin::ToolStarts, Test2::Manual::Tooling::Subtest, Test2::Manual::Tooling::TestBuilder, Test2::Manual::Tooling::Testing, Test2::Mock, Test2::Plugin, Test2::Plugin::BailOnFail, Test2::Plugin::DieOnFail, Test2::Plugin::ExitSummary, Test2::Plugin::SRand, Test2::Plugin::Times, Test2::Plugin::UTF8, Test2::Require, Test2::Require::AuthorTesting, Test2::Require::AutomatedTesting, Test2::Require::EnvVar, Test2::Require::ExtendedTesting, Test2::Require::Fork, Test2::Require::Module, Test2::Require::NonInteractiveTesting, Test2::Require::Perl, Test2::Require::RealFork, Test2::Require::ReleaseTesting, Test2::Require::Threads, Test2::Suite, Test2::Todo, Test2::Tools, Test2::Tools::AsyncSubtest, Test2::Tools::Basic, Test2::Tools::Class, Test2::Tools::ClassicCompare, Test2::Tools::Compare, Test2::Tools::Defer, Test2::Tools::Encoding, Test2::Tools::Event, Test2::Tools::Exception, Test2::Tools::Exports, Test2::Tools::GenTemp, Test2::Tools::Grab, Test2::Tools::Mock, Test2::Tools::Ref, Test2::Tools::Spec, Test2::Tools::Subtest, Test2::Tools::Target, Test2::Tools::Tester, Test2::Tools::Tiny, Test2::Tools::Warnings, Test2::Transition, Test2::Util, Test2::Util::ExternalMeta, Test2::Util::Facets2Legacy, Test2::Util::Grabber, Test2::Util::Guard, Test2::Util::HashBase, Test2::Util::Importer, Test2::Util::Ref, Test2::Util::Stash, Test2::Util::Sub, Test2::Util::Table, Test2::Util::Table::LineBreak, Test2::Util::Times, Test2::Util::Trace, Test2::V0, Test2::Workflow, Test2::Workflow::BlockBase, Test2::Workflow::Build, Test2::Workflow::Runner, Test2::Workflow::Task, Test2::Workflow::Task::Action, Test2::Workflow::Task::Group, Test::Builder, Test::Builder::Formatter, Test::Builder::IO::Scalar, Test::Builder::Module, Test::Builder::Tester, Test::Builder::Tester::Color, Test::Builder::TodoDiag, Test::Harness, Test::Harness::Beyond, Test::More, Test::Simple, Test::Tester, Test::Tester::Capture, Test::Tester::CaptureRunner, Test::Tutorial, Test::use::ok, Text::Abbrev, Text::Balanced, Text::ParseWords, Text::Tabs, Text::Wrap, Thread, Thread::Queue, Thread::Semaphore, Tie::Array, Tie::File, Tie::Handle, Tie::Hash, Tie::Hash::NamedCapture, Tie::Memoize, Tie::RefHash, Tie::Scalar, Tie::StdHandle, Tie::SubstrHash, Time::HiRes, Time::Local, Time::Piece, Time::Seconds, Time::gmtime, Time::localtime, Time::tm, UNIVERSAL, Unicode::Collate, Unicode::Collate::CJK::Big5, Unicode::Collate::CJK::GB2312, Unicode::Collate::CJK::JISX0208, Unicode::Collate::CJK::Korean, Unicode::Collate::CJK::Pinyin, Unicode::Collate::CJK::Stroke, Unicode::Collate::CJK::Zhuyin, Unicode::Collate::Locale, Unicode::Normalize, Unicode::UCD, User::grent, User::pwent, VMS::DCLsym, VMS::Filespec, VMS::Stdio, Win32, Win32API::File, Win32CORE, XS::APItest, XS::Typemap, XSLoader, autodie::Scope::Guard, autodie::Scope::GuardStack, autodie::Util, version::Internals

Extension Modules

CPAN

Modules: Creation, Use, and Abuse

Guidelines for Module Creation

Guidelines for Converting Perl 4 Library Scripts into Modules

Guidelines for Reusing Application Code

NOTE

INTRODUCTION

QUICK CHECKLIST

Before you start

The API

Stability

Documentation

Release considerations

BEFORE YOU START WRITING A MODULE

Has it been done before?

Do one thing and do it well

What's in a name?

Get feedback before publishing

DESIGNING AND WRITING YOUR MODULE

To OO or not to OO?

Designing your API

Write simple routines to do simple things, Separate functionality from output, Provide sensible shortcuts and defaults, Naming conventions, Parameter passing

Strictness and warnings

Backwards compatibility

Error handling and messages

DOCUMENTING YOUR MODULE

POD

README, INSTALL, release notes, changelogs

perl Makefile.PL, make, make test, make install, perl Build.PL, perl Build, perl Build test, perl Build install

RELEASE CONSIDERATIONS

Version numbering

Pre-requisites

Testing

Packaging

Licensing

COMMON PITFALLS

Reinventing the wheel

Trying to do too much

Inappropriate documentation

SEE ALSO

perlstyle, perlnewmod, perlpod, podchecker, Packaging Tools, Testing tools, <https://pause.perl.org/>, Any good book on software engineering

AUTHOR

DESCRIPTION

PREAMBLE

DECOMPRESS the file, UNPACK the file into a directory, BUILD the module (sometimes unnecessary), INSTALL the module

PORTABILITY

HEY

AUTHOR

COPYRIGHT

DESCRIPTION

Warning

What should I make into a module?

Step-by-step: Preparing the ground

Look around, Check it's new, Discuss the need, Choose a name, Check again

Step-by-step: Making the module

Start with module-starter or h2xs, Use strict and warnings, Use Carp, Use Exporter - wisely!, Use plain old documentation, Write tests, Write the README, Write Changes

Step-by-step: Distributing your module

Get a CPAN user ID, Make the tarball, Upload the tarball, Fix bugs!

AUTHOR

SEE ALSO

DESCRIPTION

A basic example

Key naming

Implementation details

DESCRIPTION

LIST OF UTILITIES

Documentation

perldoc, pod2man, pod2text, pod2html, pod2usage, podchecker, splain, roffitall

Converters

pl2pm

Administration

libnetcfg, perlivp

Development

perlbug, perlthanks, h2ph, h2xs, enc2xs, xsubpp, prove, corelist

General tools

encguess, json_pp, piconv, ptar, ptardiff, ptargrep, shasum, streamzip, zipdetails

Installation

cpan, instmodsh

SEE ALSO

DESCRIPTION

CONCEPTS

USING FILTERS

WRITING A SOURCE FILTER

WRITING A SOURCE FILTER IN C

Decryption Filters

CREATING A SOURCE FILTER AS A SEPARATE EXECUTABLE

WRITING A SOURCE FILTER IN PERL

USING CONTEXT: THE DEBUG FILTER

CONCLUSION

LIMITATIONS

THINGS TO LOOK OUT FOR

Some Filters Clobber the DATA Handle

REQUIREMENTS

AUTHOR

Copyrights

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

HISTORY

PROBES

sub-entry(SUBNAME, FILE, LINE, PACKAGE), sub-return(SUBNAME, FILE, LINE, PACKAGE), phase-change(NEWPHASE, OLDPHASE), op-entry(OPNAME), loading-file(FILENAME), loaded-file(FILENAME)

EXAMPLES

Most frequently called functions, Trace function calls, Function calls during interpreter cleanup, System calls at compile time, Perl functions that execute the most opcodes

REFERENCES

DTrace Dynamic Tracing Guide, DTrace: Dynamic Tracing in Oracle Solaris, Mac OS X and FreeBSD

SEE ALSO

Devel::DTrace::Provider

AUTHORS

VERSION

DESCRIPTION

A

accessor methods, actual arguments, address operator, algorithm, alias, alphabetic, alternatives, anonymous, application, architecture, argument, ARGV, arithmetical operator, array, array context, Artistic License, ASCII, assertion, assignment, assignment operator, associative array, associativity, asynchronous, atom, atomic operation, attribute, autogeneration, autoincrement, autoload, autosplit, autovivification, AV, awk

B

backreference, backtracking, backward compatibility, bareword, base class, big-endian, binary, binary operator, bind, bit, bit shift, bit string, bless, block, BLOCK, block buffering, Boolean, Boolean context, breakpoint, broadcast, BSD, bucket, buffer, built-in, bundle, byte, bytecode

C

C, cache, callback, call by reference, call by value, canonical, capture variables, capturing, cargo cult, case, casefolding, casemapping, character, character class, character property, circumfix operator, class, class method, client, closure, cluster, CODE, code generator, codepoint, code subpattern, collating sequence, co-maintainer, combining character, command, command buffering, command-line arguments, command name, comment, compilation unit, compile, compile phase, compiler, compile time, composer, concatenation, conditional, connection, construct, constructor, context, continuation, core dump, CPAN, C preprocessor, cracker, currently selected output channel, current package, current working directory, CV

D

dangling statement, datagram, data structure, data type, DBM, declaration, declarator, decrement, default, defined, delimiter, dereference, derived class, descriptor, destroy, destructor, device, directive, directory, directory handle, discipline, dispatch, distribution, dual-lived, dweomer, dwimmer, dynamic scoping

E

eclectic, element, embedding, empty subclass test, encapsulation, endian, en passant, environment, environment variable, EOF, errno, error, escape sequence, exception, exception handling, exec, executable file, execute, execute bit, exit status, exploit, export, expression, extension

F

false, FAQ, fatal error, feeping creaturism, field, FIFO, file, file descriptor, fileglob, filehandle, filename, filesystem, file test operator, filter, first-come, flag, floating point, flush, FMTEYEWTK, foldcase, fork, formal arguments, format, freely available, freely redistributable, freeware, function, funny character

G

garbage collection, GID, glob, global, global destruction, glue language, granularity, grapheme, greedy, grep, group, GV

H

hacker, handler, hard reference, hash, hash table, header file, here document, hexadecimal, home directory, host, hubris, HV

I

identifier, impatience, implementation, import, increment, indexing, indirect filehandle, indirection, indirect object, indirect object slot, infix, inheritance, instance, instance data, instance method, instance variable, integer, interface, interpolation, interpreter, invocant, invocation, I/O, IO, I/O layer, IPA, IP, IPC, is-a, iteration, iterator, IV

J

JAPH

K

key, keyword

L

label, laziness, leftmost longest, left shift, lexeme, lexer, lexical analysis, lexical scoping, lexical variable, library, LIFO, line, linebreak, line buffering, line number, link, LIST, list, list context, list operator, list value, literal, little-endian, local, logical operator, lookahead, lookbehind, loop, loop control statement, loop label, lowercase, lvaluable, lvalue, lvalue modifier

M

magic, magical increment, magical variables, Makefile, man, manpage, matching, member data, memory, metacharacter, metasymbol, method, method resolution order, minicpan, minimalism, mode, modifier, module, modulus, mojibake, monger, mortal, mro, multidimensional array, multiple inheritance

N

named pipe, namespace, NaN, network address, newline, NFS, normalization, null character, null list, null string, numeric context, numification, NV, nybble

O

object, octal, offset, one-liner, open source software, operand, operating system, operator, operator overloading, options, ordinal, overloading, overriding, owner

P

package, pad, parameter, parent class, parse tree, parsing, patch, PATH, pathname, pattern, pattern matching, PAUSE, Perl mongers, permission bits, Pern, pipe, pipeline, platform, pod, pod command, pointer, polymorphism, port, portable, porter, possessive, POSIX, postfix, pp, pragma, precedence, prefix, preprocessing, primary maintainer, procedure, process, program, program generator, progressive matching, property, protocol, prototype, pseudofunction, pseudohash, pseudoliteral, public domain, pumpkin, pumpking, PV

Q

qualified, quantifier

R

race condition, readable, reaping, record, recursion, reference, referent, regex, regular expression, regular expression modifier, regular file, relational operator, reserved words, return value, RFC, right shift, role, root, RTFM, run phase, runtime, runtime pattern, RV, rvalue

S

sandbox, scalar, scalar context, scalar literal, scalar value, scalar variable, scope, scratchpad, script, script kiddie, sed, semaphore, separator, serialization, server, service, setgid, setuid, shared memory, shebang, shell, side effects, sigil, signal, signal handler, single inheritance, slice, slurp, socket, soft reference, source filter, stack, standard, standard error, standard input, standard I/O, Standard Library, standard output, statement, statement modifier, static, static method, static scoping, static variable, stat structure, status, STDERR, STDIN, STDIO, STDOUT, stream, string, string context, stringification, struct, structure, subclass, subpattern, subroutine, subscript, substitution, substring, superclass, superuser, SV, switch, switch cluster, switch statement, symbol, symbolic debugger, symbolic link, symbolic reference, symbol table, synchronous, syntactic sugar, syntax, syntax tree, syscall

T

taint checks, tainted, taint mode, TCP, term, terminator, ternary, text, thread, tie, titlecase, TMTOWTDI, token, tokener, tokenizing, toolbox approach, topic, transliterate, trigger, trinary, troff, true, truncating, type, type casting, typedef, typed lexical, typeglob, typemap

U

UDP, UID, umask, unary operator, Unicode, Unix, uppercase, UTF-8 string

V

value, variable, variable interpolation, variadic, vector, virtual, void context, v-string

W

warning, watch expression, weak reference, whitespace, word, working directory, wrapper, WYSIWYG

X

XS, XSUB

Y

yacc

Z

zero width, zombie

AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT

DESCRIPTION

PREAMBLE

Use C from Perl?, Use a Unix program from Perl?, Use Perl from Perl?, Use C from C?, Use Perl from C?

ROADMAP

Compiling your C program

Adding a Perl interpreter to your C program

Calling a Perl subroutine from your C program

Evaluating a Perl statement from your C program

Performing Perl pattern matches and substitutions from your C program

Fiddling with the Perl stack from your C program

Maintaining a persistent interpreter

Execution of END blocks

$0 assignments

Maintaining multiple interpreter instances

Using Perl modules, which themselves use C libraries, from your C program

Using embedded Perl with POSIX locales

Hiding Perl_

MORAL

AUTHOR

COPYRIGHT

DESCRIPTION

Debugger Internals

Writing Your Own Debugger

Frame Listing Output Examples

Debugging Regular Expressions

Compile-time Output

anchored STRING at POS, floating STRING at POS1..POS2, matching floating/anchored, minlen, stclass TYPE, noscan, isall, GPOS, plus, implicit, with eval, anchored(TYPE)

Types of Nodes

Run-time Output

Debugging Perl Memory Usage

Using $ENV{PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS}

buckets SMALLEST(APPROX)..GREATEST(APPROX), Free/Used, Total sbrk(): SBRKed/SBRKs:CONTINUOUS, pad: 0, heads: 2192, chain: 0, tail: 6144

SEE ALSO

DESCRIPTION

SPECIAL NOTES

make

Version caveat

Dynamic Loading versus Static Loading

Threads and PERL_NO_GET_CONTEXT

TUTORIAL

EXAMPLE 1

EXAMPLE 2

What has gone on?

Writing good test scripts

EXAMPLE 3

What's new here?

Input and Output Parameters

The XSUBPP Program

The TYPEMAP file

Warning about Output Arguments

EXAMPLE 4

What has happened here?

Anatomy of .xs file

Getting the fat out of XSUBs

More about XSUB arguments

The Argument Stack

Extending your Extension

Documenting your Extension

Installing your Extension

EXAMPLE 5

New Things in this Example

EXAMPLE 6

New Things in this Example

EXAMPLE 7 (Coming Soon)

EXAMPLE 8 (Coming Soon)

EXAMPLE 9 Passing open files to XSes

Troubleshooting these Examples

See also

Author

Last Changed

DESCRIPTION

Introduction

On The Road

The Anatomy of an XSUB

The Argument Stack

The RETVAL Variable

Returning SVs, AVs and HVs through RETVAL

The MODULE Keyword

The PACKAGE Keyword

The PREFIX Keyword

The OUTPUT: Keyword

The NO_OUTPUT Keyword

The CODE: Keyword

The INIT: Keyword

The NO_INIT Keyword

The TYPEMAP: Keyword

Initializing Function Parameters

Default Parameter Values

The PREINIT: Keyword

The SCOPE: Keyword

The INPUT: Keyword

The IN/OUTLIST/IN_OUTLIST/OUT/IN_OUT Keywords

The length(NAME) Keyword

Variable-length Parameter Lists

The C_ARGS: Keyword

The PPCODE: Keyword

Returning Undef And Empty Lists

The REQUIRE: Keyword

The CLEANUP: Keyword

The POSTCALL: Keyword

The BOOT: Keyword

The VERSIONCHECK: Keyword

The PROTOTYPES: Keyword

The PROTOTYPE: Keyword

The ALIAS: Keyword

The OVERLOAD: Keyword

The FALLBACK: Keyword

The INTERFACE: Keyword

The INTERFACE_MACRO: Keyword

The INCLUDE: Keyword

The INCLUDE_COMMAND: Keyword

The CASE: Keyword

The EXPORT_XSUB_SYMBOLS: Keyword

The & Unary Operator

Inserting POD, Comments and C Preprocessor Directives

Using XS With C++

Interface Strategy

Perl Objects And C Structures

Safely Storing Static Data in XS

MY_CXT_KEY, typedef my_cxt_t, START_MY_CXT, MY_CXT_INIT, dMY_CXT, MY_CXT, aMY_CXT/pMY_CXT, MY_CXT_CLONE, MY_CXT_INIT_INTERP(my_perl), dMY_CXT_INTERP(my_perl)

EXAMPLES

CAVEATS

Use of standard C library functions

Event loops and control flow

XS VERSION

AUTHOR DIAGNOSTICS

AUTHOR

DESCRIPTION

Anatomy of a typemap

The Role of the typemap File in Your Distribution

Sharing typemaps Between CPAN Distributions

Writing typemap Entries

Full Listing of Core Typemaps

T_SV, T_SVREF, T_SVREF_FIXED, T_AVREF, T_AVREF_REFCOUNT_FIXED, T_HVREF, T_HVREF_REFCOUNT_FIXED, T_CVREF, T_CVREF_REFCOUNT_FIXED, T_SYSRET, T_UV, T_IV, T_INT, T_ENUM, T_BOOL, T_U_INT, T_SHORT, T_U_SHORT, T_LONG, T_U_LONG, T_CHAR, T_U_CHAR, T_FLOAT, T_NV, T_DOUBLE, T_PV, T_PTR, T_PTRREF, T_PTROBJ, T_REF_IV_REF, T_REF_IV_PTR, T_PTRDESC, T_REFREF, T_REFOBJ, T_OPAQUEPTR, T_OPAQUE, Implicit array, T_PACKED, T_PACKEDARRAY, T_DATAUNIT, T_CALLBACK, T_ARRAY, T_STDIO, T_INOUT, T_IN, T_OUT

DESCRIPTION

libc functions to avoid

Conventions

~, t, p, n, s

File Operations

File Input and Output

File Positioning

Memory Management and String Handling

Character Class Tests

stdlib.h functions

Miscellaneous functions

Dealing with locales

Dealing with embedded perls and threads

Functions always unsuitable for use under multi-threads

Functions which must be called at least once before starting threads

Functions that are thread-safe when called with appropriate arguments

Functions vulnerable to signals

General issues with thread-safety

Reentrant equivalent functions

For items marked *, For the remaining items, If you #define PERL_REENTRANT, If you don't enable automatic substitution

Functions that need the environment to be constant

Locale-specific issues

SEE ALSO

DESCRIPTION

Variables

Datatypes

What is an "IV"?

Working with SVs

SvIV(SV*) (IV) and SvUV(SV*) (UV), SvNV(SV*) (double), Strings are a bit complicated:, Byte string: SvPVbyte(SV*, STRLEN len) or SvPVbyte_nolen(SV*), UTF-8 string: SvPVutf8(SV*, STRLEN len) or SvPVutf8_nolen(SV*), You can also use SvPV(SV*, STRLEN len) or SvPV_nolen(SV*) to fetch the SV's raw internal buffer. This is tricky, though; if your Perl string is "\xff\xff", then depending on the SV's internal encoding you might get back a 2-byte OR a 4-byte char*. Moreover, if it's the 4-byte string, that could come from either Perl "\xff\xff" stored UTF-8 encoded, or Perl "\xc3\xbf\xc3\xbf" stored as raw octets. To differentiate between these you MUST look up the SV's UTF8 bit (cf. SvUTF8) to know whether the source Perl string is 2 characters (SvUTF8 would be on) or 4 characters (SvUTF8 would be off)

Offsets

What's Really Stored in an SV?

Working with AVs

av_store_simple, av_fetch_simple, av_push_simple, are not magical, are not readonly, are "real" (refcounted) AVs, have an av_top_index value > -2

Working with HVs

Hash API Extensions

AVs, HVs and undefined values

References

Blessed References and Class Objects

Creating New Variables

GV_ADDMULTI, GV_ADDWARN

Reference Counts and Mortality

Stashes and Globs

I/O Handles

Double-Typed SVs

Read-Only Values

Copy on Write

Magic Variables

Assigning Magic

Magic Virtual Tables

Finding Magic

Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays

Localizing changes

SAVEINT(int i), SAVEIV(IV i), SAVEI32(I32 i), SAVELONG(long i), SAVEI8(I8 i), SAVEI16(I16 i), SAVEBOOL(int i), SAVESTRLEN(STRLEN i), SAVESPTR(s), SAVEPPTR(p), SAVERCPV(char **ppv), SAVEGENERICSV(SV **psv), SAVEFREESV(SV *sv), SAVEMORTALIZESV(SV *sv), SAVEFREEOP(OP *op), SAVEFREEPV(p), SAVEFREERCPV(char *pv), SAVECLEARSV(SV *sv), SAVEDELETE(HV *hv, char *key, I32 length), SAVEDESTRUCTOR(DESTRUCTORFUNC_NOCONTEXT_t f, void *p), SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X(DESTRUCTORFUNC_t f, void *p), MORTALSVFUNC_X(SVFUNC_t f, SV *sv), MORTALDESTRUCTOR_SV(SV *coderef, SV *args), SAVESTACK_POS(), SV* save_scalar(GV *gv), AV* save_ary(GV *gv), HV* save_hash(GV *gv), void save_item(SV *item), SV* save_svref(SV **sptr), void save_aptr(AV **aptr), void save_hptr(HV **hptr)

Subroutines

XSUBs and the Argument Stack

Autoloading with XSUBs

Calling Perl Routines from within C Programs

Putting a C value on Perl stack

Scratchpads

Scratchpads and recursion

Memory Allocation

Allocation

Reallocation

Moving

PerlIO

Compiled code

Code tree

Examining the tree

Compile pass 1: check routines

Compile pass 1a: constant folding

Compile pass 2: context propagation

Compile pass 3: peephole optimization

Pluggable runops

Compile-time scope hooks

void bhk_start(pTHX_ int full), void bhk_pre_end(pTHX_ OP **o), void bhk_post_end(pTHX_ OP **o), void bhk_eval(pTHX_ OP *const o)

Examining internal data structures with the dump functions

How multiple interpreters and concurrency are supported

Background and MULTIPLICITY

So what happened to dTHR?

How do I use all this in extensions?

Should I do anything special if I call perl from multiple threads?

Future Plans and PERL_IMPLICIT_SYS

Internal Functions

Formatted Printing of IVs, UVs, and NVs

Formatted Printing of SVs

Formatted Printing of Strings

Formatted Printing of Size_t and SSize_t

Formatted Printing of Ptrdiff_t, intmax_t, short and other special sizes

Pointer-To-Integer and Integer-To-Pointer

Exception Handling

Source Documentation

Backwards compatibility

Unicode Support

What is Unicode, anyway?

How can I recognise a UTF-8 string?

How does UTF-8 represent Unicode characters?

How does Perl store UTF-8 strings?

How do I pass a Perl string to a C library?

bytes: 0x64 0x78 0x8c, UTF-8: 0x64 0x78 0xc2 0x8c

How do I convert a string to UTF-8?

How do I compare strings?

Is there anything else I need to know?

Custom Operators

xop_name, xop_desc, xop_class, OA_BASEOP, OA_UNOP, OA_BINOP, OA_LOGOP, OA_LISTOP, OA_PMOP, OA_SVOP, OA_PADOP, OA_PVOP_OR_SVOP, OA_LOOP, OA_COP, xop_peep

Stacks

Value Stack

Mark Stack

Temporaries Stack

Save Stack

Scope Stack

Dynamic Scope and the Context Stack

Introduction to the context stack

Pushing contexts

Popping contexts

Redoing contexts

Reference-counted argument stack

Introduction

Reference counted stack states

not reference-counted, fully reference-counted, partially reference-counted (split)

Wrapping

(Re)writing a PP function using the rpp_() API

Slab-based operator allocation

AUTHORS

SEE ALSO

DESCRIPTION

An Error Handler, An Event-Driven Program

THE CALL_ FUNCTIONS

call_sv, call_pv, call_method, call_argv

FLAG VALUES

G_VOID

G_SCALAR

G_LIST

G_DISCARD

G_NOARGS

G_EVAL

G_KEEPERR

Determining the Context

EXAMPLES

No Parameters, Nothing Returned

Passing Parameters

Returning a Scalar

Returning a List of Values

Returning a List in Scalar Context

Returning Data from Perl via the Parameter List

Using G_EVAL

Using G_KEEPERR

Using call_sv

Using call_argv

Using call_method

Using GIMME_V

Using Perl to Dispose of Temporaries

Strategies for Storing Callback Context Information

1. Ignore the problem - Allow only 1 callback, 2. Create a sequence of callbacks - hard wired limit, 3. Use a parameter to map to the Perl callback

Alternate Stack Manipulation

Creating and Calling an Anonymous Subroutine in C

LIGHTWEIGHT CALLBACKS

SEE ALSO

AUTHOR

DATE

DESCRIPTION

resolve, name, length, kflags, hash

Callbacks

Caching

Examples

AUTHORS

DESCRIPTION

Callbacks

comp

/m - RXf_PMf_MULTILINE, /s - RXf_PMf_SINGLELINE, /i - RXf_PMf_FOLD, /x - RXf_PMf_EXTENDED, /p - RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY, Character set, RXf_SPLIT, RXf_SKIPWHITE, RXf_START_ONLY, RXf_WHITE, RXf_NULL, RXf_NO_INPLACE_SUBST

exec

rx, sv, strbeg, strend, stringarg, minend, data, flags

intuit

checkstr

free

Numbered capture callbacks

Named capture callbacks

qr_package

dupe

op_comp

The REGEXP structure

engine

mother_re

extflags

minlen minlenret

gofs

substrs

nparens, logical_nparens

logical_to_parno, parno_to_logical, parno_to_logical_next

lastparen, and lastcloseparen

intflags

pprivate

offs

RX_PRECOMP RX_PRELEN

paren_names

substrs

subbeg sublen saved_copy suboffset subcoffset

RX_WRAPPED RX_WRAPLEN

RX_REFCNT()

HISTORY

AUTHORS

LICENSE

DESCRIPTION

OVERVIEW

A quick note on terms

What is a regular expression engine?

Structure of a Regexp Program

regnode_1, regnode_2, regnode_string, regnode_charclass, regnode_charclass_posixl, "REGNODE_AFTER", "regnext"

Process Overview

A. Compilation, 1. Parsing, 2. Peep-hole optimisation and analysis, B. Execution, 3. Start position and no-match optimisations, 4. Program execution

Compilation

anchored fixed strings, floating fixed strings, minimum and maximum length requirements, start class, Beginning/End of line positions

Execution

MISCELLANEOUS

Unicode and Localisation Support

Base Structures

regstclass, data, code_blocks, proglen, name_list_idx, program

SEE ALSO

AUTHOR

LICENCE

REFERENCES

DESCRIPTION

DATA STORAGE

Classes

Fields

Methods

Instances

API

Class Manipulation

Field Manipulation

Method Manipulation

Object Instances

OPCODES

OP_METHSTART

OP_INITFIELD

COMPILE-TIME BEHAVIOUR

ADJUST Phasers

Attributes

Field Initializing Expressions

RUNTIME BEHAVIOUR

Constructor

$self Access During Methods

AUTHORS

DESCRIPTION

"AV Handling" in perlapi, "Callback Functions" in perlapi, "Casting" in perlapi, "Character case changing" in perlapi, "Character classification" in perlapi, "Compiler and Preprocessor information" in perlapi, "Compiler directives" in perlapi, "Compile-time scope hooks" in perlapi, "Concurrency" in perlapi, "COPs and Hint Hashes" in perlapi, "Custom Operators" in perlapi, "CV Handling" in perlapi, "Debugging" in perlapi, "Display functions" in perlapi, "Embedding, Threads, and Interpreter Cloning" in perlapi, "Errno" in perlapi, "Exception Handling (simple) Macros" in perlapi, "Filesystem configuration values" in perlapi, "Floating point" in perlapi, "General Configuration" in perlapi, "Global Variables" in perlapi, "GV Handling and Stashes" in perlapi, "Hook manipulation" in perlapi, "HV Handling" in perlapi, "Input/Output" in perlapi, "Integer" in perlapi, "I/O Formats" in perlapi, "Lexer interface" in perlapi, "Locales" in perlapi, "Magic" in perlapi, "Memory Management" in perlapi, "MRO" in perlapi, "Multicall Functions" in perlapi, "Numeric Functions" in perlapi, "Optrees" in perlapi, "Pack and Unpack" in perlapi, "Pad Data Structures" in perlapi, "Password and Group access" in perlapi, "Paths to system commands" in perlapi, "Prototype information" in perlapi, "Reference-counted stack manipulation" in perlapi, "REGEXP Functions" in perlapi, "Reports and Formats" in perlapi, "Signals" in perlapi, "Site configuration" in perlapi, "Sockets configuration values" in perlapi, "Source Filters" in perlapi, "Stack Manipulation Macros" in perlapi, "String Handling" in perlapi, "SV Flags" in perlapi, "SV Handling" in perlapi, "Tainting" in perlapi, "Time" in perlapi, "Typedef names" in perlapi, "Unicode Support" in perlapi, "Utility Functions" in perlapi, "Versioning" in perlapi, "Warning and Dieing" in perlapi, "XS" in perlapi, "Undocumented elements" in perlapi

AV Handling

AV, AvALLOC, AvARRAY , av_clear , av_count , av_create_and_push , av_create_and_unshift_one , av_delete , av_exists , av_extend , av_fetch , AvFILL , av_fill , av_len , av_make , av_pop , av_push , av_push_simple , av_shift , av_store , av_tindex, av_top_index , av_undef , av_unshift , get_av , newAV, newAV_mortal, newAV_alloc_x, newAV_alloc_xz , newAV form, newAV_mortal form, newAV_alloc_x form, newAV_alloc_xz form, newAVav , newAVhv , Nullav

Callback Functions

call_argv , call_method , call_pv , call_sv , DESTRUCTORFUNC_NOCONTEXT_t, DESTRUCTORFUNC_t, ENTER , ENTER_with_name , eval_pv , eval_sv , FREETMPS , G_DISCARD, G_EVAL, GIMME , GIMME_V , G_KEEPERR, G_LIST, G_NOARGS, G_SCALAR, G_VOID, is_lvalue_sub , LEAVE , LEAVE_with_name , MORTALDESTRUCTOR_SV, mortal_destructor_sv , MORTALSVFUNC_X, PL_errgv, save_aelem, save_aelem_flags , save_aptr, save_ary, SAVEBOOL, SAVEDELETE, SAVEDESTRUCTOR, SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X, SAVEFREEOP, SAVEFREEPV, SAVEFREERCPV, SAVEFREESV, SAVEGENERICSV, save_hash, save_helem, save_helem_flags , save_hptr, SAVEINT, save_item, SAVEIV, SAVEI8, SAVEI16, SAVEI32, SAVELONG, SAVEMORTALIZESV, SAVEPPTR, SAVERCPV, save_scalar, SAVESPTR, SAVESTACK_POS, SAVESTRLEN, save_svref, SAVETMPS

Casting

Atof , cBOOL , INT2PTR, I_V , I_32 , PTR2IV, PTR2nat, PTR2NV, PTR2ul, PTR2UV, PTRV, U_V , U_32

Character case changing

toFOLD, toFOLD_A, toFOLD_utf8, toFOLD_utf8_safe, toFOLD_uvchr , toLOWER, toLOWER_A, toLOWER_LATIN1, toLOWER_LC, toLOWER_L1, toLOWER_utf8, toLOWER_utf8_safe, toLOWER_uvchr , toTITLE, toTITLE_A, toTITLE_utf8, toTITLE_utf8_safe, toTITLE_uvchr , toUPPER, toUPPER_A, toUPPER_utf8, toUPPER_utf8_safe, toUPPER_uvchr

Character classification

isALNUM, isALNUM_A, isALNUM_LC, isALNUM_LC_uvchr , isALNUMC, isALNUMC_A, isALNUMC_LC, isALNUMC_LC_uvchr, isALNUMC_L1 , isALPHA, isALPHA_A, isALPHA_LC, isALPHA_LC_utf8_safe, isALPHA_LC_uvchr, isALPHA_L1, isALPHA_utf8, isALPHA_utf8_safe, isALPHA_uvchr , isALPHANUMERIC, isALPHANUMERIC_A, isALPHANUMERIC_LC, isALPHANUMERIC_LC_utf8_safe, isALPHANUMERIC_LC_uvchr, isALPHANUMERIC_L1, isALPHANUMERIC_utf8, isALPHANUMERIC_utf8_safe, isALPHANUMERIC_uvchr , isASCII, isASCII_A, isASCII_LC, isASCII_LC_utf8_safe, isASCII_LC_uvchr, isASCII_L1, isASCII_utf8, isASCII_utf8_safe, isASCII_uvchr , isBLANK, isBLANK_A, isBLANK_LC, isBLANK_LC_utf8_safe, isBLANK_LC_uvchr, isBLANK_L1, isBLANK_utf8, isBLANK_utf8_safe, isBLANK_uvchr , isCNTRL, isCNTRL_A, isCNTRL_LC, isCNTRL_LC_utf8_safe, isCNTRL_LC_uvchr, isCNTRL_L1, isCNTRL_utf8, isCNTRL_utf8_safe, isCNTRL_uvchr , isDIGIT, isDIGIT_A, isDIGIT_LC, isDIGIT_LC_utf8_safe, isDIGIT_LC_uvchr, isDIGIT_L1, isDIGIT_utf8, isDIGIT_utf8_safe, isDIGIT_uvchr , isGRAPH, isGRAPH_A, isGRAPH_LC, isGRAPH_LC_utf8_safe, isGRAPH_LC_uvchr, isGRAPH_L1, isGRAPH_utf8, isGRAPH_utf8_safe, isGRAPH_uvchr , isIDCONT, isIDCONT_A, isIDCONT_LC, isIDCONT_LC_utf8_safe, isIDCONT_LC_uvchr, isIDCONT_L1, isIDCONT_utf8, isIDCONT_utf8_safe, isIDCONT_uvchr

, isIDFIRST, isIDFIRST_A, isIDFIRST_LC, isIDFIRST_LC_utf8_safe, isIDFIRST_LC_uvchr, isIDFIRST_L1, isIDFIRST_utf8, isIDFIRST_utf8_safe, isIDFIRST_uvchr , isLOWER, isLOWER_A, isLOWER_LC, isLOWER_LC_utf8_safe, isLOWER_LC_uvchr, isLOWER_L1, isLOWER_utf8, isLOWER_utf8_safe, isLOWER_uvchr , isOCTAL, isOCTAL_A, isOCTAL_L1 , isPRINT, isPRINT_A, isPRINT_LC, isPRINT_LC_utf8_safe, isPRINT_LC_uvchr, isPRINT_L1, isPRINT_utf8, isPRINT_utf8_safe, isPRINT_uvchr , isPSXSPC, isPSXSPC_A, isPSXSPC_LC, isPSXSPC_LC_utf8_safe, isPSXSPC_LC_uvchr, isPSXSPC_L1, isPSXSPC_utf8, isPSXSPC_utf8_safe, isPSXSPC_uvchr

, isPUNCT, isPUNCT_A, isPUNCT_LC, isPUNCT_LC_utf8_safe, isPUNCT_LC_uvchr, isPUNCT_L1, isPUNCT_utf8, isPUNCT_utf8_safe, isPUNCT_uvchr , isSPACE, isSPACE_A, isSPACE_LC, isSPACE_LC_utf8_safe, isSPACE_LC_uvchr, isSPACE_L1, isSPACE_utf8, isSPACE_utf8_safe, isSPACE_uvchr , isUPPER, isUPPER_A, isUPPER_LC, isUPPER_LC_utf8_safe, isUPPER_LC_uvchr, isUPPER_L1, isUPPER_utf8, isUPPER_utf8_safe, isUPPER_uvchr , isWORDCHAR, isWORDCHAR_A, isWORDCHAR_LC, isWORDCHAR_LC_utf8_safe, isWORDCHAR_LC_uvchr, isWORDCHAR_L1, isWORDCHAR_utf8, isWORDCHAR_utf8_safe, isWORDCHAR_uvchr X <isWORDCHAR_uvchr>, isXDIGIT, isXDIGIT_A, isXDIGIT_LC, isXDIGIT_LC_utf8_safe, isXDIGIT_LC_uvchr, isXDIGIT_L1, isXDIGIT_utf8, isXDIGIT_utf8_safe, isXDIGIT_uvchr

Compiler and Preprocessor information

CPPLAST , CPPMINUS , CPPRUN , CPPSTDIN , HASATTRIBUTE_ALWAYS_INLINE , HASATTRIBUTE_DEPRECATED , HASATTRIBUTE_FORMAT , HASATTRIBUTE_NONNULL , HASATTRIBUTE_NORETURN , HASATTRIBUTE_PURE , HASATTRIBUTE_UNUSED , HASATTRIBUTE_VISIBILITY , HASATTRIBUTE_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT , HAS_BUILTIN_ADD_OVERFLOW , HAS_BUILTIN_CHOOSE_EXPR , HAS_BUILTIN_EXPECT , HAS_BUILTIN_MUL_OVERFLOW , HAS_BUILTIN_SUB_OVERFLOW , HAS_C99_VARIADIC_MACROS , HAS_STATIC_INLINE , MEM_ALIGNBYTES , PERL_STATIC_INLINE , PERL_THREAD_LOCAL , U32_ALIGNMENT_REQUIRED

Compiler directives

__ASSERT_ , ASSUME , dNOOP , END_EXTERN_C , EXTERN_C , LIKELY , NOOP , PERL_UNUSED_ARG , PERL_UNUSED_CONTEXT , PERL_UNUSED_DECL , PERL_UNUSED_RESULT , PERL_UNUSED_VAR , START_EXTERN_C , STATIC, STMT_END, STMT_START , UNLIKELY

Compile-time scope hooks

BhkDISABLE , BhkENABLE , BhkENTRY_set , blockhook_register

Concurrency

aTHX, aTHX_, CPERLscope , dTHR, dTHX, dTHXa , dTHXoa , dVAR , GETENV_PRESERVES_OTHER_THREAD , HAS_PTHREAD_ATFORK , HAS_PTHREAD_ATTR_SETSCOPE , HAS_PTHREAD_YIELD , HAS_SCHED_YIELD , I_MACH_CTHREADS , I_PTHREAD , MULTIPLICITY, OLD_PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE , OLD_PTHREADS_API , PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT, PERL_NO_GET_CONTEXT, pTHX, pTHX_, SCHED_YIELD

COPs and Hint Hashes

cop_fetch_label , CopFILE , CopFILEAV , CopFILEAVn , CopFILE_copy , CopFILE_free , CopFILEGV , CopFILEGV_set , CopFILE_LEN , CopFILE_set , CopFILE_setn , CopFILESV , cophh_copy , cophh_delete_pv, cophh_delete_pvn, cophh_delete_pvs, cophh_delete_sv , cophh_exists_pvn , cophh_fetch_pv, cophh_fetch_pvn, cophh_fetch_pvs, cophh_fetch_sv , cophh_free , cophh_2hv , cophh_new_empty , cophh_store_pv, cophh_store_pvn, cophh_store_pvs, cophh_store_sv , cop_hints_exists_pv, cop_hints_exists_pvn, cop_hints_exists_pvs, cop_hints_exists_sv , cop_hints_fetch_pv, cop_hints_fetch_pvn, cop_hints_fetch_pvs, cop_hints_fetch_sv , cop_hints_2hv , CopLABEL, CopLABEL_len, CopLABEL_len_flags , CopLINE , CopSTASH , CopSTASH_eq , CopSTASHPV , CopSTASHPV_set , CopSTASH_set , cop_store_label , PERL_SI , PL_curcop , RCPV_LEN , RCPV_REFCNT_dec , RCPV_REFCNT_inc , RCPV_REFCOUNT , RCPVx

Custom Operators

custom_op_register , Perl_custom_op_xop , XopDISABLE , XopENABLE , XopENTRY , XopENTRYCUSTOM , XopENTRY_set , XopFLAGS

CV Handling

caller_cx , CvDEPTH , CvGV , CvSTASH , find_runcv , get_cv, get_cvn_flags, get_cvs , Nullcv

Debugging

av_dump , deb, deb_nocontext , debstack , dump_all , dump_c_backtrace , dump_eval, dump_form , dump_packsubs , dump_sub, get_c_backtrace_dump , gv_dump , HAS_BACKTRACE , hv_dump , magic_dump , op_class , op_dump , PL_op, PL_runops, PL_sv_serial, pmop_dump , sv_dump , sv_dump_depth , vdeb

Display functions

form, form_nocontext , mess, mess_nocontext , mess_sv , pv_display , pv_escape , pv_pretty , vform , vmess

Embedding, Threads, and Interpreter Cloning

call_atexit , cv_clone , cv_name , cv_undef , find_rundefsv , get_op_descs , get_op_names , HAS_SKIP_LOCALE_INIT, intro_my , load_module, load_module_nocontext , my_exit , my_failure_exit , my_strlcat , my_strlcpy , newPADNAMELIST , newPADNAMEouter , newPADNAMEpvn , nothreadhook , pad_add_anon , pad_add_name_pv , pad_add_name_pvn , pad_add_name_sv , pad_alloc , pad_findmy_pv , pad_findmy_pvn , pad_findmy_sv , padnamelist_fetch , padnamelist_store , pad_tidy , perl_alloc , PERL_ASYNC_CHECK, perl_clone , perl_construct , perl_destruct , perl_free , PERL_GET_CONTEXT, PerlInterpreter, perl_parse , perl_run , PERL_SET_CONTEXT, PERL_SYS_INIT, PERL_SYS_INIT3 , PERL_SYS_TERM , PL_exit_flags , PERL_EXIT_DESTRUCT_END, PERL_EXIT_ABORT, PERL_EXIT_WARN, PERL_EXIT_EXPECTED, PL_origalen, PL_perl_destruct_level , 0 - none, 1 - full, 2 or greater - full with checks, ptr_table_fetch , ptr_table_free , ptr_table_new , ptr_table_split , ptr_table_store , require_pv , vload_module

Errno

sv_string_from_errnum

Exception Handling (simple) Macros

dXCPT , JMPENV_JUMP, JMPENV_PUSH, PL_restartop, XCPT_CATCH , XCPT_RETHROW , XCPT_TRY_END , XCPT_TRY_START

Filesystem configuration values

DIRNAMLEN , DOSUID , EOF_NONBLOCK , FCNTL_CAN_LOCK , FFLUSH_ALL , FFLUSH_NULL , FILE_base , FILE_bufsiz , FILE_cnt , FILE_ptr , FLEXFILENAMES , HAS_DIR_DD_FD , HAS_DUP2 , HAS_DUP3 , HAS_FAST_STDIO , HAS_FCHDIR , HAS_FCNTL , HAS_FDCLOSE , HAS_FPATHCONF , HAS_FPOS64_T , HAS_FSTATFS , HAS_FSTATVFS , HAS_GETFSSTAT , HAS_GETMNT , HAS_GETMNTENT , HAS_HASMNTOPT , HAS_LSEEK_PROTO , HAS_MKDIR , HAS_OFF64_T , HAS_OPENAT , HAS_OPEN3 , HAS_POLL , HAS_READDIR , HAS_READDIR64_R , HAS_REWINDDIR , HAS_RMDIR , HAS_SEEKDIR , HAS_SELECT , HAS_SETVBUF , HAS_STDIO_STREAM_ARRAY , HAS_STRUCT_FS_DATA , HAS_STRUCT_STATFS , HAS_STRUCT_STATFS_F_FLAGS , HAS_TELLDIR , HAS_USTAT , I_FCNTL , I_SYS_DIR , I_SYS_FILE , I_SYS_NDIR , I_SYS_STATFS , LSEEKSIZE , RD_NODATA , READDIR64_R_PROTO , STDCHAR , STDIO_CNT_LVALUE , STDIO_PTR_LVAL_NOCHANGE_CNT , STDIO_PTR_LVAL_SETS_CNT , STDIO_PTR_LVALUE , STDIO_STREAM_ARRAY , ST_INO_SIGN , ST_INO_SIZE , VAL_EAGAIN , VAL_O_NONBLOCK , VOID_CLOSEDIR

Floating point

CASTFLAGS , CASTNEGFLOAT , DOUBLE_HAS_INF , DOUBLE_HAS_NAN , DOUBLE_HAS_NEGATIVE_ZERO , DOUBLE_HAS_SUBNORMALS , DOUBLEINFBYTES , DOUBLEKIND , DOUBLEMANTBITS , DOUBLENANBYTES , DOUBLESIZE , DOUBLE_STYLE_CRAY , DOUBLE_STYLE_IBM , DOUBLE_STYLE_IEEE , DOUBLE_STYLE_VAX , HAS_ATOLF , HAS_CLASS , HAS_FINITE , HAS_FINITEL , HAS_FPCLASS , HAS_FP_CLASS , HAS_FPCLASSIFY , HAS_FP_CLASSIFY , HAS_FPCLASSL , HAS_FP_CLASSL , HAS_FPGETROUND , HAS_FREXPL , HAS_ILOGB , HAS_ISFINITE , HAS_ISFINITEL , HAS_ISINF , HAS_ISINFL , HAS_ISNAN , HAS_ISNANL , HAS_ISNORMAL , HAS_J0L , HAS_J0 , HAS_LDBL_DIG , HAS_LDEXPL , HAS_LLRINT , HAS_LLRINTL , HAS_LLROUNDL , HAS_LONG_DOUBLE , HAS_LRINT , HAS_LRINTL , HAS_LROUNDL , HAS_MODFL , HAS_NAN , HAS_NEXTTOWARD , HAS_REMAINDER , HAS_SCALBN , HAS_SIGNBIT , HAS_SQRTL , HAS_STRTOD_L , HAS_STRTOLD , HAS_STRTOLD_L , HAS_TRUNC , HAS_UNORDERED , I_FENV , I_QUADMATH , LONGDBLINFBYTES , LONGDBLMANTBITS , LONGDBLNANBYTES , LONG_DOUBLEKIND , LONG_DOUBLESIZE , LONG_DOUBLE_STYLE_IEEE , LONG_DOUBLE_STYLE_IEEE_DOUBLEDOUBLE , LONG_DOUBLE_STYLE_IEEE_EXTENDED , LONG_DOUBLE_STYLE_IEEE_STD , LONG_DOUBLE_STYLE_VAX , NV, NVMANTBITS , NV_OVERFLOWS_INTEGERS_AT , NV_PRESERVES_UV , NV_PRESERVES_UV_BITS , NVSIZE , NVTYPE , NV_ZERO_IS_ALLBITS_ZERO

General Configuration

ASCIIish , BYTEORDER , CHARBITS , DB_VERSION_MAJOR_CFG , DB_VERSION_MINOR_CFG , DB_VERSION_PATCH_CFG , DEFAULT_INC_EXCLUDES_DOT , DLSYM_NEEDS_UNDERSCORE , EBCDIC , HAS_CSH , HAS_GETHOSTNAME , HAS_GNULIBC , HAS_LGAMMA , HAS_LGAMMA_R , HAS_NON_INT_BITFIELDS , HAS_PRCTL_SET_NAME , HAS_PROCSELFEXE , HAS_PSEUDOFORK , HAS_REGCOMP , HAS_SETPGID , HAS_SIGSETJMP , HAS_STRUCT_CMSGHDR , HAS_STRUCT_MSGHDR , HAS_TGAMMA , HAS_UNAME , HAS_UNION_SEMUN , I_DIRENT , I_POLL , I_SYS_RESOURCE , LIBM_LIB_VERSION , NEED_VA_COPY, OSNAME , OSVERS , PERL_USE_GCC_BRACE_GROUPS , PHOSTNAME , PROCSELFEXE_PATH , PTRSIZE , RANDBITS , SELECT_MIN_BITS , SETUID_SCRIPTS_ARE_SECURE_NOW , ST_DEV_SIGN , ST_DEV_SIZE

List of capability HAS_foo symbols

List of #include needed symbols

Global Variables

PL_check , PL_infix_plugin , PL_keyword_plugin , PL_phase

GV Handling and Stashes

amagic_call , AMGf_noleft, AMGf_noright, AMGf_unary, AMGf_assign, amagic_deref_call , gv_add_by_type , Gv_AMupdate , 1 on success and there is some overload, 0 if there is no overload, -1 if some error occurred and it couldn't croak (because destructing is true), gv_autoload_pv, gv_autoload_pvn, gv_autoload_sv , gv_autoload4 , GvAV , gv_AVadd, gv_HVadd, gv_IOadd, gv_SVadd , gv_const_sv , GvCV , gv_efullname3, gv_efullname4, gv_fullname3, gv_fullname4 , gv_fetchfile, gv_fetchfile_flags , gv_fetchmeth, gv_fetchmeth_pv, gv_fetchmeth_pvn, gv_fetchmeth_sv , gv_fetchmeth_autoload , gv_fetchmethod , gv_fetchmethod_autoload , gv_fetchmeth_pv_autoload , gv_fetchmeth_pvn_autoload , gv_fetchmeth_sv_autoload , gv_fetchpv, gv_fetchpvn, gv_fetchpvn_flags, gv_fetchpvs, gv_fetchsv, gv_fetchsv_nomg X <gv_fetchsv_nomg>, GvHV , gv_init , gv_init_pv , gv_init_pvn , gv_init_sv , gv_name_set , gv_stashpv , gv_stashpvn , gv_stashpvs , gv_stashsv , GvSV , GvSVn , newGVgen, newGVgen_flags , PL_curstash , PL_defgv , PL_defoutgv , PL_defstash, save_gp , setdefout

Hook manipulation

rcpv_copy , rcpv_free , rcpv_new , wrap_op_checker

HV Handling

get_hv , HE, HEf_SVKEY , HeHASH , HeKEY , HeKLEN , HePV , HeSVKEY , HeSVKEY_force , HeSVKEY_set , HeUTF8 , HeVAL , HV, hv_assert , hv_bucket_ratio , hv_clear , hv_clear_placeholders , hv_copy_hints_hv , hv_delete, hv_deletes , hv_delete_ent , HvENAME , HvENAMELEN , HvENAMEUTF8 , hv_exists, hv_existss , hv_exists_ent , hv_fetch, hv_fetchs , hv_fetch_ent , hv_fetchs , HvFILL , HvHasAUX , hv_iterinit , hv_iterkey , hv_iterkeysv , hv_iternext , hv_iternext_flags , hv_iternextsv , hv_iterval , hv_ksplit , hv_magic , HvNAME , HvNAMELEN , hv_name_set, hv_name_sets , HvNAMEUTF8 , hv_scalar , hv_store, hv_stores , hv_store_ent , hv_undef , newHV , newHVhv , Nullhv , PERL_HASH, PL_modglobal

Input/Output

do_close , IoDIRP, IOf_FLUSH, IoFLAGS, IOf_UNTAINT, IoIFP, IoOFP, IoTYPE, my_chsize , my_dirfd , my_pclose , my_popen , newIO , PERL_FLUSHALL_FOR_CHILD , PerlIO_apply_layers, PerlIO_binmode, PerlIO_canset_cnt, PerlIO_clearerr, PerlIO_close, PerlIO_debug, PerlIO_eof, PerlIO_error, PerlIO_exportFILE, PerlIO_fast_gets, PerlIO_fdopen, PerlIO_fileno, PerlIO_fill, PerlIO_findFILE, PerlIO_flush, PerlIO_get_base, PerlIO_get_bufsiz, PerlIO_get_cnt, PerlIO_get_ptr, PerlIO_getc, PerlIO_getpos, PerlIO_has_base, PerlIO_has_cntptr, PerlIO_importFILE, PerlIO_open, PerlIO_printf, PerlIO_putc, PerlIO_puts, PerlIO_read, PerlIO_releaseFILE, PerlIO_reopen, PerlIO_rewind, PerlIO_seek, PerlIO_set_cnt, PerlIO_set_ptrcnt, PerlIO_setlinebuf, PerlIO_setpos, PerlIO_stderr, PerlIO_stdin, PerlIO_stdout, PerlIO_stdoutf, PerlIO_tell, PerlIO_ungetc, PerlIO_unread, PerlIO_vprintf, PerlIO_write, PERLIO_F_APPEND, PERLIO_F_CANREAD, PERLIO_F_CANWRITE, PERLIO_F_CRLF, PERLIO_F_EOF, PERLIO_F_ERROR, PERLIO_F_FASTGETS, PERLIO_F_LINEBUF, PERLIO_F_OPEN, PERLIO_F_RDBUF, PERLIO_F_TEMP, PERLIO_F_TRUNCATE, PERLIO_F_UNBUF, PERLIO_F_UTF8, PERLIO_F_WRBUF, PERLIO_FUNCS_CAST , PERLIO_FUNCS_DECL , PERLIO_K_BUFFERED, PERLIO_K_CANCRLF, PERLIO_K_FASTGETS, PERLIO_K_MULTIARG, PERLIO_K_RAW, PERLIO_NOT_STDIO, PL_maxsysfd, repeatcpy , USE_STDIO

Integer

CASTI32 , HAS_INT64_T , HAS_LONG_LONG , HAS_QUAD , I32df , INT16_C, INT32_C, INT64_C , INTMAX_C , INTSIZE , I8SIZE , I16SIZE , I32SIZE , I64SIZE , I8TYPE , I16TYPE , I32TYPE , I64TYPE , IV, I8, I16, I32, I64, IV_MAX , IV_MIN , IVSIZE , IVTYPE , line_t , LONGLONGSIZE , LONGSIZE , memzero , PERL_INT_FAST8_T, PERL_INT_FAST16_T, PERL_UINT_FAST8_T, PERL_UINT_FAST16_T , PERL_INT_MAX, PERL_INT_MIN, PERL_LONG_MAX, PERL_LONG_MIN, PERL_QUAD_MAX, PERL_QUAD_MIN, PERL_SHORT_MAX, PERL_SHORT_MIN, PERL_UCHAR_MAX, PERL_UCHAR_MIN, PERL_UINT_MAX, PERL_UINT_MIN, PERL_ULONG_MAX, PERL_ULONG_MIN, PERL_UQUAD_MAX, PERL_UQUAD_MIN, PERL_USHORT_MAX, PERL_USHORT_MIN , SHORTSIZE , UINT16_C, UINT32_C, UINT64_C , UINTMAX_C , U32of , U8SIZE , U16SIZE , U32SIZE , U64SIZE , U8TYPE , U16TYPE , U32TYPE , U64TYPE , U32uf , UV, U8, U16, U32, U64, UV_MAX , UV_MIN , UVSIZE , UVTYPE , U32Xf , U32xf , WIDEST_UTYPE

I/O Formats

HvNAMEf, HvNAMEf_QUOTEDPREFIX, IVdf , NVef , NVff , NVgf , PERL_PRIeldbl , PERL_PRIfldbl , PERL_PRIgldbl , PERL_SCNfldbl , PRINTF_FORMAT_NULL_OK , SVf, SVfARG, SVf_QUOTEDPREFIX, UTF8f, UTF8fARG, UTF8f_QUOTEDPREFIX, UVf , UVof , UVuf , UVXf , UVxf

Lexer interface

BHK, lex_bufutf8 , lex_discard_to , lex_grow_linestr , lex_next_chunk , lex_peek_unichar , lex_read_space , lex_read_to , lex_read_unichar , lex_start , lex_stuff_pv , lex_stuff_pvn , lex_stuff_pvs , lex_stuff_sv , lex_unstuff , parse_arithexpr , parse_barestmt , parse_block , parse_fullexpr , parse_fullstmt , parse_label , parse_listexpr , parse_stmtseq , parse_subsignature , parse_termexpr , PL_parser , PL_parser->bufend , PL_parser->bufptr , PL_parser->linestart , PL_parser->linestr , suspend_compcv , wrap_infix_plugin , wrap_keyword_plugin

Locales

DECLARATION_FOR_LC_NUMERIC_MANIPULATION , foldEQ_locale , HAS_DUPLOCALE , HAS_FREELOCALE , HAS_LC_MONETARY_2008 , HAS_LOCALECONV , HAS_LOCALECONV_L , HAS_NEWLOCALE , HAS_NL_LANGINFO , HAS_NL_LANGINFO_L , HAS_QUERYLOCALE , HAS_SETLOCALE , HAS_SETLOCALE_R , HAS_USELOCALE , I_LANGINFO , I_LOCALE , IN_LOCALE , IN_LOCALE_COMPILETIME , IN_LOCALE_RUNTIME , I_XLOCALE , NEED_XLOCALE_H , Perl_langinfo, Perl_langinfo8 , a, b, c, d, e, PERL_LC_ALL_CATEGORY_POSITIONS_INIT , PERL_LC_ALL_SEPARATOR , PERL_LC_ALL_USES_NAME_VALUE_PAIRS , Perl_localeconv , Perl_setlocale , RESTORE_LC_NUMERIC , SETLOCALE_ACCEPTS_ANY_LOCALE_NAME , STORE_LC_NUMERIC_FORCE_TO_UNDERLYING , STORE_LC_NUMERIC_SET_TO_NEEDED , STORE_LC_NUMERIC_SET_TO_NEEDED_IN , sv_langinfo , switch_to_global_locale , POSIX::localeconv, I18N::Langinfo, items CRNCYSTR and THOUSEP, "sv_langinfo" in perlapi, items CRNCYSTR and THOUSEP, sync_locale , WITH_LC_NUMERIC_SET_TO_NEEDED , WITH_LC_NUMERIC_SET_TO_NEEDED_IN

Magic

mg_clear , mg_copy , MGf_COPY, MGf_DUP, MGf_LOCAL, mg_find , mg_findext , mg_free , mg_freeext , mg_free_type , mg_get , mg_magical , mg_set , MGVTBL, PERL_MAGIC_arylen, PERL_MAGIC_arylen_p, PERL_MAGIC_backref, PERL_MAGIC_bm, PERL_MAGIC_checkcall, PERL_MAGIC_collxfrm, PERL_MAGIC_dbfile, PERL_MAGIC_dbline, PERL_MAGIC_debugvar, PERL_MAGIC_defelem, PERL_MAGIC_destruct, PERL_MAGIC_env, PERL_MAGIC_envelem, PERL_MAGIC_ext, PERL_MAGIC_extvalue, PERL_MAGIC_fm, PERL_MAGIC_hints, PERL_MAGIC_hintselem, PERL_MAGIC_hook, PERL_MAGIC_hookelem, PERL_MAGIC_isa, PERL_MAGIC_isaelem, PERL_MAGIC_lvref, PERL_MAGIC_nkeys, PERL_MAGIC_nonelem, PERL_MAGIC_overload_table, PERL_MAGIC_pos, PERL_MAGIC_qr, PERL_MAGIC_regdata, PERL_MAGIC_regdatum, PERL_MAGIC_regex_global, PERL_MAGIC_rhash, PERL_MAGIC_shared, PERL_MAGIC_shared_scalar, PERL_MAGIC_sig, PERL_MAGIC_sigelem, PERL_MAGIC_substr, PERL_MAGIC_sv, PERL_MAGIC_symtab, PERL_MAGIC_taint, PERL_MAGIC_tied, PERL_MAGIC_tiedelem, PERL_MAGIC_tiedscalar, PERL_MAGIC_utf8, PERL_MAGIC_uvar, PERL_MAGIC_uvar_elem, PERL_MAGIC_vec, PERL_MAGIC_vstring, SvTIED_obj

Memory Management

dump_mstats , HASATTRIBUTE_MALLOC , HAS_MALLOC_GOOD_SIZE , HAS_MALLOC_SIZE , I_MALLOCMALLOC , MYMALLOC , Newx, safemalloc , Newxc , Newxz, safecalloc , PERL_MALLOC_WRAP , Renew, saferealloc , Renewc , Safefree , safesyscalloc , safesysfree , safesysmalloc , safesysrealloc

MRO

HvMROMETA, mro_get_from_name , mro_get_linear_isa , MRO_GET_PRIVATE_DATA, mro_method_changed_in , mro_register , mro_set_mro , mro_set_private_data

Multicall Functions

dMULTICALL , MULTICALL , POP_MULTICALL , PUSH_MULTICALL

Numeric Functions

Atol, Atoul, Drand01 , Gconvert , grok_atoUV , grok_bin , grok_hex , grok_infnan , grok_number , grok_number_flags , GROK_NUMERIC_RADIX , grok_numeric_radix , grok_oct , isinfnan , my_atof , my_strtod , PERL_ABS , Perl_acos, Perl_asin, Perl_atan, Perl_atan2, Perl_ceil, Perl_cos, Perl_cosh, Perl_exp, Perl_floor, Perl_fmod, Perl_frexp, Perl_isfinite, Perl_isinf, Perl_isnan, Perl_ldexp, Perl_log, Perl_log10, Perl_modf, Perl_pow, Perl_sin, Perl_sinh, Perl_sqrt, Perl_tan, Perl_tanh X <Perl_isinf>X <Perl_pow>, Perl_signbit , PL_hexdigit , READ_XDIGIT , scan_bin , scan_hex , scan_oct , seedDrand01 , Strtod , Strtol , Strtoul

Optrees

alloccopstash , BINOP, block_end , block_start , ck_entersub_args_list , ck_entersub_args_proto , ck_entersub_args_proto_or_list , cv_const_sv , cv_get_call_checker , cv_get_call_checker_flags , cv_set_call_checker , cv_set_call_checker_flags , finalize_optree , forbid_outofblock_ops , LINKLIST , LISTOP, LOGOP, LOOP, newANONATTRSUB , newANONHASH , newANONLIST , newANONSUB , newARGDEFELEMOP , newASSIGNOP , newATTRSUB , newAVREF , newBINOP , newCONDOP , newCONSTSUB, newCONSTSUB_flags , newCVREF , newDEFEROP , newDEFSVOP , newFOROP , newGIVENOP , newGVOP , newGVREF , newHVREF , newLISTOP , newLISTOPn , newLOGOP , newLOOPEX , newLOOPOP , newMETHOP , newMETHOP_named , newNULLLIST , newOP , newPADOP , newPMOP , newPVOP , newRANGE , newSLICEOP , newSTATEOP , newSUB , newSVOP , newSVREF , newTRYCATCHOP , newUNOP , newUNOP_AUX , newWHENOP , newWHILEOP , newXS , OA_BASEOP, OA_BINOP, OA_COP, OA_LISTOP, OA_LOGOP, OA_LOOP, OA_PADOP, OA_PMOP, OA_PVOP_OR_SVOP, OA_SVOP, OA_UNOP, OP, op_append_elem , op_append_list , OP_CLASS , op_contextualize , op_convert_list , OP_DESC , op_force_list , op_free , OpHAS_SIBLING , OpLASTSIB_set , op_linklist , op_lvalue , OpMAYBESIB_set , OpMORESIB_set , OP_NAME , op_null , op_parent , op_prepend_elem , op_scope , OpSIBLING , op_sibling_splice , optimize_optree , OP_TYPE_IS , OP_TYPE_IS_OR_WAS , op_wrap_finally , peep_t, Perl_cpeep_t, PL_opfreehook , PL_peepp , PL_rpeepp , PMOP, rv2cv_op_cv , UNOP, XOP

Pack and Unpack

packlist , unpackstring

Pad Data Structures

CvPADLIST , pad_add_name_pvs , PadARRAY , pad_findmy_pvs , PadlistARRAY , PadlistMAX , PadlistNAMES , PadlistNAMESARRAY , PadlistNAMESMAX , PadlistREFCNT , PadMAX , PadnameLEN , PadnamelistARRAY , PadnamelistMAX , PadnamelistREFCNT , PadnamelistREFCNT_dec , PadnamePV , PadnameREFCNT , PadnameREFCNT_dec , PadnameREFCNT_inc , PadnameSV , PadnameUTF8 , pad_new , PL_comppad , PL_comppad_name , PL_curpad , SVs_PADMY, SVs_PADTMP

Password and Group access

GRPASSWD , HAS_ENDGRENT , HAS_ENDGRENT_R , HAS_ENDPWENT , HAS_ENDPWENT_R , HAS_GETGRENT , HAS_GETGRENT_R , HAS_GETPWENT , HAS_GETPWENT_R , HAS_SETGRENT , HAS_SETGRENT_R , HAS_SETPWENT , HAS_SETPWENT_R , PWAGE , PWCHANGE , PWCLASS , PWCOMMENT , PWEXPIRE , PWGECOS , PWPASSWD , PWQUOTA

Paths to system commands

CSH , LOC_SED , SH_PATH

Prototype information

CRYPT_R_PROTO , CTERMID_R_PROTO , DRAND48_R_PROTO , ENDGRENT_R_PROTO , ENDHOSTENT_R_PROTO , ENDNETENT_R_PROTO , ENDPROTOENT_R_PROTO , ENDPWENT_R_PROTO , ENDSERVENT_R_PROTO , GDBMNDBM_H_USES_PROTOTYPES , GDBM_NDBM_H_USES_PROTOTYPES , GETGRENT_R_PROTO , GETGRGID_R_PROTO , GETGRNAM_R_PROTO , GETHOSTBYADDR_R_PROTO , GETHOSTBYNAME_R_PROTO , GETHOSTENT_R_PROTO , GETLOGIN_R_PROTO , GETNETBYADDR_R_PROTO , GETNETBYNAME_R_PROTO , GETNETENT_R_PROTO , GETPROTOBYNAME_R_PROTO , GETPROTOBYNUMBER_R_PROTO , GETPROTOENT_R_PROTO , GETPWENT_R_PROTO , GETPWNAM_R_PROTO , GETPWUID_R_PROTO , GETSERVBYNAME_R_PROTO , GETSERVBYPORT_R_PROTO , GETSERVENT_R_PROTO , GETSPNAM_R_PROTO , HAS_DBMINIT_PROTO , HAS_DRAND48_PROTO , HAS_FLOCK_PROTO , HAS_GETHOST_PROTOS , HAS_GETNET_PROTOS , HAS_GETPROTO_PROTOS , HAS_GETSERV_PROTOS , HAS_MODFL_PROTO , HAS_SBRK_PROTO , HAS_SETRESGID_PROTO , HAS_SETRESUID_PROTO , HAS_SHMAT_PROTOTYPE , HAS_SOCKATMARK_PROTO , HAS_SYSCALL_PROTO , HAS_TELLDIR_PROTO , NDBM_H_USES_PROTOTYPES , RANDOM_R_PROTO , READDIR_R_PROTO , SETGRENT_R_PROTO , SETHOSTENT_R_PROTO , SETLOCALE_R_PROTO , SETNETENT_R_PROTO , SETPROTOENT_R_PROTO , SETPWENT_R_PROTO , SETSERVENT_R_PROTO , SRANDOM_R_PROTO , SRAND48_R_PROTO , STRERROR_R_PROTO , TMPNAM_R_PROTO , TTYNAME_R_PROTO

Reference-counted stack manipulation

rpp_context , rpp_extend , rpp_invoke_xs , rpp_is_lone , rpp_popfree_1_NN , rpp_popfree_2_NN , rpp_popfree_to , rpp_popfree_to_NN , rpp_popfree_1 , rpp_popfree_2 , rpp_pop_1_norc , rpp_push_1_norc , rpp_push_1, rpp_push_IMM, rpp_push_2, rpp_xpush_1, rpp_xpush_IMM, rpp_xpush_2 , rpp_replace_at , rpp_replace_at_NN , rpp_replace_at_norc , rpp_replace_at_norc_NN , rpp_replace_1_1, rpp_replace_1_1_NN, rpp_replace_1_IMM_NN , rpp_replace_2_1, rpp_replace_2_1_NN, rpp_replace_2_IMM_NN , rpp_stack_is_rc , rpp_try_AMAGIC_1, rpp_try_AMAGIC_2 , XSPP_wrapped

REGEXP Functions

pregcomp, pregexec, re_compile , re_dup_guts , REGEX_LOCALE_CHARSET, REGEXP, regexp_engine , regexp_paren_pair, regmatch_info , REXEC_COPY_SKIP_POST, REXEC_COPY_SKIP_PRE, REXEC_COPY_STR, RXapif_ALL, RXapif_CLEAR, RXapif_DELETE, RXapif_EXISTS, RXapif_FETCH, RXapif_FIRSTKEY, RXapif_NEXTKEY, RXapif_ONE, RXapif_REGNAME, RXapif_REGNAMES, RXapif_REGNAMES_COUNT, RXapif_SCALAR, RXapif_STORE, RX_BUFF_IDX_CARET_FULLMATCH, RX_BUFF_IDX_CARET_POSTMATCH, RX_BUFF_IDX_CARET_PREMATCH, RX_BUFF_IDX_FULLMATCH, RX_BUFF_IDX_POSTMATCH, RX_BUFF_IDX_PREMATCH, RXf_NO_INPLACE_SUBST, RXf_NULL, RXf_SKIPWHITE, RXf_SPLIT, RXf_START_ONLY, RXf_WHITE, RXf_PMf_EXTENDED, RXf_PMf_FOLD, RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY, RXf_PMf_MULTILINE, RXf_PMf_SINGLELINE, RX_MATCH_COPIED, struct regexp, SvRX , SvRXOK , SV_SAVED_COPY

Reports and Formats

IoBOTTOM_GV, IoBOTTOM_NAME, IoFMT_GV, IoFMT_NAME, IoLINES, IoLINES_LEFT, IoPAGE, IoPAGE_LEN, IoTOP_GV, IoTOP_NAME

Signals

HAS_SIGINFO_SI_ADDR , HAS_SIGINFO_SI_BAND , HAS_SIGINFO_SI_ERRNO , HAS_SIGINFO_SI_PID , HAS_SIGINFO_SI_STATUS , HAS_SIGINFO_SI_UID , HAS_SIGINFO_SI_VALUE , PERL_SIGNALS_UNSAFE_FLAG , rsignal , rsignal_state , Sigjmp_buf , Siglongjmp , SIG_NAME , SIG_NUM , Sigsetjmp , SIG_SIZE , whichsig, whichsig_pv, whichsig_pvn, whichsig_sv

Site configuration

ARCHLIB , ARCHLIB_EXP , ARCHNAME , BIN , BIN_EXP , INSTALL_USR_BIN_PERL , MULTIARCH , PERL_INC_VERSION_LIST , PERL_OTHERLIBDIRS , PERL_RELOCATABLE_INC , PERL_TARGETARCH , PERL_USE_DEVEL , PERL_VENDORARCH , PERL_VENDORARCH_EXP , PERL_VENDORLIB_EXP , PERL_VENDORLIB_STEM , PRIVLIB , PRIVLIB_EXP , SITEARCH , SITEARCH_EXP , SITELIB , SITELIB_EXP , SITELIB_STEM , STARTPERL , USE_64_BIT_ALL , USE_64_BIT_INT , USE_BSD_GETPGRP , USE_BSD_SETPGRP , USE_C_BACKTRACE , USE_CPLUSPLUS , USE_CROSS_COMPILE , USE_DTRACE , USE_DYNAMIC_LOADING , USE_FAST_STDIO , USE_ITHREADS , USE_KERN_PROC_PATHNAME , USE_LARGE_FILES , USE_LONG_DOUBLE , USE_MORE_BITS , USE_NSGETEXECUTABLEPATH , USE_PERLIO , USE_QUADMATH , USE_REENTRANT_API , USE_SEMCTL_SEMID_DS , USE_SEMCTL_SEMUN , USE_SITECUSTOMIZE , USE_SOCKS , USE_STAT_BLOCKS , USE_STDIO_BASE , USE_STDIO_PTR , USE_STRICT_BY_DEFAULT , USE_THREADS

Sockets configuration values

HAS_SOCKADDR_IN6 , HAS_SOCKADDR_SA_LEN , HAS_SOCKADDR_STORAGE , HAS_SOCKATMARK , HAS_SOCKET , HAS_SOCKETPAIR , HAS_SOCKS5_INIT , I_SOCKS , I_SYS_SOCKIO

Source Filters

apply_builtin_cv_attributes , filter_add, filter_del , filter_read, scan_vstring , start_subparse

Stack Manipulation Macros

dMARK , dORIGMARK , dSP , dTARGET , EXTEND , MARK , mPUSHi , mPUSHn , mPUSHp , mPUSHpvs , mPUSHs , mPUSHu , mXPUSHi , mXPUSHn , mXPUSHp , mXPUSHpvs , mXPUSHs , mXPUSHu , newXSproto , ORIGMARK , PL_markstack, PL_markstack_ptr, PL_savestack, PL_savestack_ix, PL_scopestack, PL_scopestack_ix, PL_scopestack_name, PL_stack_base, PL_stack_sp, PL_tmps_floor, PL_tmps_ix, PL_tmps_stack, POPi , POPl , POPn , POPp , POPpbytex , POPpx , POPs , POPu , POPul , PUSHi , PUSHMARK , PUSHmortal , PUSHn , PUSHp , PUSHpvs , PUSHs , PUSHu , PUTBACK , SAVEt_INT, SP , SPAGAIN , SSNEW, SSNEWa, SSNEWat, SSNEWt , SSPTR, SSPTRt , TARG , TOPs, XPUSHi , XPUSHmortal , XPUSHn , XPUSHp , XPUSHpvs , XPUSHs , XPUSHu , XS_APIVERSION_BOOTCHECK , XSRETURN , XSRETURN_EMPTY , XSRETURN_IV , XSRETURN_NO , XSRETURN_NV , XSRETURN_PV , XSRETURN_UNDEF , XSRETURN_UV , XSRETURN_YES , XST_mIV , XST_mNO , XST_mNV , XST_mPV , XST_mUNDEF , XST_mUV , XST_mYES , XS_VERSION , XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK

String Handling

CAT2 , Copy, CopyD , delimcpy , do_join , do_sprintf , fbm_compile , fbm_instr , foldEQ , ibcmp , ibcmp_locale , ibcmp_utf8 , instr , memCHRs , memEQ , memEQs , memNE , memNEs , Move, MoveD , my_snprintf , my_sprintf , my_strnlen , my_vsnprintf , NewCopy , ninstr , Nullch , PL_na , rninstr , savepv , savepvn , savepvs , savesharedpv , savesharedpvn , savesharedpvs , savesharedsvpv , savesvpv , strEQ , strGE , strGT , STRINGIFY , strLE , STRLEN, strLT , strNE , strnEQ , strnNE , STR_WITH_LEN , Zero, ZeroD

SV Flags

SVt_IV , SVt_NULL , SVt_NV , SVt_PV , SVt_PVAV , SVt_PVCV , SVt_PVFM , SVt_PVGV , SVt_PVHV , SVt_PVIO , SVt_PVIV , SVt_PVLV , SVt_PVMG , SVt_PVNV , SVt_PVOBJ , SVt_REGEXP , svtype

SV Handling

AV_FROM_REF, CV_FROM_REF, HV_FROM_REF , BOOL_INTERNALS_sv_isbool , BOOL_INTERNALS_sv_isbool_false , BOOL_INTERNALS_sv_isbool_true , boolSV , croak_xs_usage , DEFSV , DEFSV_set , get_sv , isGV_with_GP , looks_like_number , MUTABLE_AV, MUTABLE_CV, MUTABLE_GV, MUTABLE_HV, MUTABLE_IO, MUTABLE_PTR, MUTABLE_SV , newRV, newRV_inc , newRV_noinc , newSV , newSVbool , newSV_false , newSVhek , newSVhek_mortal , newSViv , newSVnv , newSVpadname , newSVpv , newSVpvf , newSVpvf_nocontext , newSVpvn , newSVpvn_flags , newSVpvn_share , newSVpvn_utf8 , newSVpvs , newSVpvs_flags , newSVpv_share , newSVpvs_share , newSVrv , newSVsv, newSVsv_flags, newSVsv_nomg , newSV_true , newSV_type , newSV_type_mortal , newSVuv , Nullsv , PL_sv_no , PL_sv_undef , PL_sv_yes , PL_sv_zero , SAVE_DEFSV , sortsv , sortsv_flags , SV, SvAMAGIC , SvAMAGIC_off , SvAMAGIC_on , sv_backoff , sv_bless , SvBoolFlagsOK , sv_catpv, sv_catpv_flags, sv_catpv_mg, sv_catpv_nomg , sv_catpvf, sv_catpvf_mg, sv_catpvf_mg_nocontext, sv_catpvf_nocontext , sv_catpvn, sv_catpvn_flags, sv_catpvn_mg, sv_catpvn_nomg , sv_catpvs , sv_catpvs_flags , sv_catpvs_mg , sv_catpvs_nomg , sv_catsv, sv_catsv_flags, sv_catsv_mg, sv_catsv_nomg , SV_CHECK_THINKFIRST , SV_CHECK_THINKFIRST_COW_DROP , sv_chop , sv_clear , sv_cmp , sv_cmp_flags , sv_cmp_locale , sv_cmp_locale_flags , sv_collxfrm , sv_collxfrm_flags , sv_copypv, sv_copypv_flags, sv_copypv_nomg , SvCUR , SvCUR_set , sv_2cv , sv_dec, sv_dec_nomg , sv_derived_from , sv_derived_from_hv , sv_derived_from_pv , sv_derived_from_pvn , sv_derived_from_sv , sv_does , sv_does_pv , sv_does_pvn , sv_does_sv , SvEND , sv_eq, sv_eq_flags , sv_force_normal , sv_force_normal_flags , sv_free , SvGAMAGIC , sv_get_backrefs , SvGETMAGIC , sv_gets , SvGROW , SvIandPOK , SvIandPOK_off , SvIandPOK_on , sv_inc, sv_inc_nomg , sv_insert, sv_insert_flags , sv_2io , SvIOK , SvIOK_notUV , SvIOK_off , SvIOK_on , SvIOK_only , SvIOK_only_UV , SvIOKp , SvIOK_UV , sv_isa , sv_isa_sv , SvIsBOOL , SvIsCOW , SvIsCOW_shared_hash , sv_isobject , SvIV, SvIV_nomg, SvIVx , sv_2iv_flags , SvIV_set , SvIVX , SvLEN , sv_len , SvLEN_set , sv_len_utf8, sv_len_utf8_nomg , SvLOCK , sv_magic , sv_magicext , SvMAGIC_set , sv_2mortal , sv_mortalcopy , sv_mortalcopy_flags , sv_newmortal , SvNIOK , SvNIOK_off , SvNIOKp , SvNOK , SvNOK_off , SvNOK_on , SvNOK_only , SvNOKp , sv_nolocking , sv_nounlocking , sv_numeq , sv_numeq_flags , SvNV, SvNV_nomg, SvNVx , sv_2nv_flags , SvNV_set , SvNVX , SvOK , SvOOK , SvOOK_off , SvOOK_offset , SvPOK , SvPOK_off , SvPOK_on , SvPOK_only , SvPOK_only_UTF8 , SvPOKp , sv_pos_b2u , sv_pos_b2u_flags , sv_pos_u2b , sv_pos_u2b_flags , SvPV, SvPV_const, SvPV_flags, SvPV_flags_const, SvPV_flags_mutable, SvPV_mutable, SvPV_nolen, SvPV_nolen_const, SvPV_nomg, SvPV_nomg_const, SvPV_nomg_const_nolen, SvPV_nomg_nolen, SvPVbyte, SvPVbyte_nolen, SvPVbyte_nomg, SvPVbyte_or_null, SvPVbyte_or_null_nomg, SvPVbytex, SvPVbytex_nolen, SvPVutf8, SvPVutf8_nolen, SvPVutf8_nomg, SvPVutf8_or_null, SvPVutf8_or_null_nomg, SvPVutf8x, SvPVx, SvPVx_const, SvPVx_nolen, SvPVx_nolen_const

, sv_2pv, sv_2pv_flags , sv_2pvbyte, sv_2pvbyte_flags , SvPVCLEAR , SvPVCLEAR_FRESH , SvPV_force, SvPV_force_flags, SvPV_force_flags_mutable, SvPV_force_flags_nolen, SvPV_force_mutable, SvPV_force_nolen, SvPV_force_nomg, SvPV_force_nomg_nolen, SvPVbyte_force, SvPVbytex_force, SvPVutf8_force, SvPVutf8x_force, SvPVx_force , SvPV_free , sv_pvn_force_flags , SvPV_renew , SvPV_set , SvPV_shrink_to_cur , sv_2pvutf8, sv_2pvutf8_flags , SvPVX, SvPVX_const, SvPVX_mutable, SvPVXx , SvPVXtrue , SvREADONLY , SvREADONLY_off , SvREADONLY_on , sv_ref , SvREFCNT , SvREFCNT_dec, SvREFCNT_dec_set_NULL, SvREFCNT_dec_ret_NULL, SvREFCNT_dec_NN , SvREFCNT_inc, SvREFCNT_inc_NN, SvREFCNT_inc_simple, SvREFCNT_inc_simple_NN, SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void, SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void_NN, SvREFCNT_inc_void, SvREFCNT_inc_void_NN , sv_reftype , sv_replace , sv_report_used , sv_reset , SvROK , SvROK_off , SvROK_on , SvRV , SvRV_set , sv_rvunweaken , sv_rvweaken , sv_setbool, sv_setbool_mg , sv_set_bool , sv_set_false , sv_setiv, sv_setiv_mg , SvSETMAGIC , SvSetMagicSV, SvSetMagicSV_nosteal, SvSetSV, SvSetSV_nosteal , sv_setnv, sv_setnv_mg , sv_setpv, sv_setpv_mg, sv_setpvn, sv_setpvn_fresh, sv_setpvn_mg, sv_setpvs, sv_setpvs_mg , sv_setpv_bufsize , sv_setpvf, sv_setpvf_mg, sv_setpvf_mg_nocontext, sv_setpvf_nocontext , sv_setref_iv , sv_setref_nv , sv_setref_pv , sv_setref_pvn , sv_setref_pvs , sv_setref_uv , sv_setrv_inc, sv_setrv_inc_mg , sv_setrv_noinc, sv_setrv_noinc_mg , sv_setsv, sv_setsv_flags, sv_setsv_mg, sv_setsv_nomg , sv_set_true , sv_set_undef , sv_setuv, sv_setuv_mg , SvSHARE , SvSHARED_HASH , SvSTASH , SvSTASH_set , sv_streq , sv_streq_flags , SvTRUE, SvTRUE_NN, SvTRUE_nomg, SvTRUE_nomg_NN, SvTRUEx , SvTYPE , SvUNLOCK , sv_unmagic , sv_unmagicext , sv_unref , sv_unref_flags , SvUOK , SvUPGRADE , sv_upgrade , sv_usepvn, sv_usepvn_flags, sv_usepvn_mg , sv_utf8_decode , sv_utf8_downgrade, sv_utf8_downgrade_flags, sv_utf8_downgrade_nomg , sv_utf8_encode , SvUTF8_off , SvUTF8_on , sv_utf8_upgrade, sv_utf8_upgrade_flags, sv_utf8_upgrade_flags_grow, sv_utf8_upgrade_nomg , SvUTF8 , SvUV, SvUV_nomg, SvUVx , sv_2uv_flags , SvUV_set , SvUVX , SvUVXx , sv_vcatpvf, sv_vcatpvf_mg , sv_vcatpvfn, sv_vcatpvfn_flags , SvVOK , sv_vsetpvf, sv_vsetpvf_mg , sv_vsetpvfn , SvVSTRING_mg , vnewSVpvf

Tainting

SvTAINT , SvTAINTED , SvTAINTED_off , SvTAINTED_on

Time

ASCTIME_R_PROTO , CTIME_R_PROTO , GMTIME_MAX , GMTIME_MIN , GMTIME_R_PROTO , HAS_ASCTIME_R , HAS_ASCTIME64 , HAS_CTIME_R , HAS_CTIME64 , HAS_DIFFTIME , HAS_DIFFTIME64 , HAS_FUTIMES , HAS_GETITIMER , HAS_GETTIMEOFDAY , HAS_GMTIME_R , HAS_GMTIME64 , HAS_LOCALTIME_R , HAS_LOCALTIME64 , HAS_MKTIME , HAS_MKTIME64 , HAS_NANOSLEEP , HAS_SETITIMER , HAS_STRFTIME , HAS_TIME , HAS_TIMEGM , HAS_TIMES , HAS_TM_TM_GMTOFF , HAS_TM_TM_ZONE , HAS_TZNAME , HAS_USLEEP , HAS_USLEEP_PROTO , I_TIME , I_UTIME , LOCALTIME_MAX , LOCALTIME_MIN , LOCALTIME_R_NEEDS_TZSET , LOCALTIME_R_PROTO , L_R_TZSET , mini_mktime , sv_strftime_tm, my_strftime

Typedef names

DB_Hash_t , DB_Prefix_t , Direntry_t , Fpos_t , Free_t , Gid_t , Gid_t_f , Gid_t_sign , Gid_t_size , Groups_t , Malloc_t , Mmap_t , Mode_t , Netdb_hlen_t , Netdb_host_t , Netdb_name_t , Netdb_net_t , Off_t , Off_t_size , Pid_t , Rand_seed_t , Select_fd_set_t , Shmat_t , Signal_t , Size_t , Size_t_size , Sock_size_t , SSize_t , Time_t , Uid_t , Uid_t_f , Uid_t_sign , Uid_t_size

Unicode Support X <UNICODE_DISALLOW_ILLEGAL_INTERCHANGE>

BOM_UTF8 , bytes_cmp_utf8 , bytes_from_utf8 , bytes_to_utf8 , DO_UTF8 , foldEQ_utf8 , is_ascii_string , isC9_STRICT_UTF8_CHAR , is_c9strict_utf8_string , is_c9strict_utf8_string_loc , is_c9strict_utf8_string_loclen , is_invariant_string , isSTRICT_UTF8_CHAR , is_strict_utf8_string , is_strict_utf8_string_loc , is_strict_utf8_string_loclen , isUTF8_CHAR , is_utf8_char_buf , isUTF8_CHAR_flags , is_utf8_fixed_width_buf_flags , is_utf8_fixed_width_buf_loc_flags , is_utf8_fixed_width_buf_loclen_flags , is_utf8_invariant_string , is_utf8_invariant_string_loc , is_utf8_string , is_utf8_string_flags , is_utf8_string_loc , is_utf8_string_loc_flags , is_utf8_string_loclen , is_utf8_string_loclen_flags , is_utf8_valid_partial_char , is_utf8_valid_partial_char_flags , LATIN1_TO_NATIVE , NATIVE_TO_LATIN1 , NATIVE_TO_UNI , pv_uni_display , REPLACEMENT_CHARACTER_UTF8 , sv_cat_decode , sv_recode_to_utf8 , sv_uni_display , UNICODE_IS_NONCHAR , UNICODE_IS_REPLACEMENT , UNICODE_IS_SUPER , UNICODE_IS_SURROGATE , UNICODE_REPLACEMENT , UNI_TO_NATIVE , UTF8_CHK_SKIP , utf8_distance , utf8_hop , utf8_hop_back , utf8_hop_forward , utf8_hop_safe , UTF8_IS_INVARIANT , UTF8_IS_NONCHAR , UTF8_IS_REPLACEMENT , UTF8_IS_SUPER , UTF8_IS_SURROGATE , utf8_length , UTF8_MAXBYTES , UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE , utf8ness_t , UTF8NESS_YES, UTF8NESS_NO, UTF8NESS_IMMATERIAL, UTF8NESS_UNKNOWN, 0 <= enum value <= UTF8NESS_IMMATERIAL, UTF8NESS_IMMATERIAL <= <enum value, utf8n_to_uvchr , utf8n_to_uvchr_error , UTF8_GOT_PERL_EXTENDED, UTF8_GOT_CONTINUATION, UTF8_GOT_EMPTY, UTF8_GOT_LONG, UTF8_GOT_NONCHAR, UTF8_GOT_NON_CONTINUATION, UTF8_GOT_OVERFLOW, UTF8_GOT_SHORT, UTF8_GOT_SUPER, UTF8_GOT_SURROGATE, utf8n_to_uvchr_msgs , text, warn_categories, flag, UTF8_SAFE_SKIP , UTF8SKIP , "UTF8_SAFE_SKIP" in perlapi if you know the maximum ending pointer in the buffer pointed to by s; or, "UTF8_CHK_SKIP" in perlapi if you don't know it, UTF8_SKIP , utf8_to_bytes , utf8_to_uvchr , utf8_to_uvchr_buf , UVCHR_IS_INVARIANT , UVCHR_SKIP , uvchr_to_utf8_flags , uvchr_to_utf8_flags_msgs , text, warn_categories, flag, uvchr_to_utf8

Utility Functions

C_ARRAY_END , C_ARRAY_LENGTH , getcwd_sv , IN_PERL_COMPILETIME , IN_PERL_RUNTIME , IS_SAFE_SYSCALL , is_safe_syscall , my_setenv , newPADxVOP , phase_name , Poison , PoisonFree , PoisonNew , PoisonWith , StructCopy , sv_destroyable , sv_nosharing

Versioning

new_version , PERL_REVISION , PERL_SUBVERSION , PERL_VERSION , PERL_VERSION_EQ, PERL_VERSION_GE, PERL_VERSION_GT, PERL_VERSION_LE, PERL_VERSION_LT, PERL_VERSION_NE , prescan_version , scan_version , upg_version , vcmp , vnormal , vnumify , vstringify , vverify , The SV is an HV or a reference to an HV, The hash contains a "version" key, The "version" key has a reference to an AV as its value

Warning and Dieing X <WARN_LAYER>

ckWARN, ckWARN2, ckWARN3, ckWARN4 , ckWARN_d, ckWARN2_d, ckWARN3_d, ckWARN4_d , ck_warner, ck_warner_d , CLEAR_ERRSV , croak, croak_nocontext , croak_no_modify , croak_sv , die, die_nocontext , die_sv , ERRSV , fatal_warner , packWARN, packWARN2, packWARN3, packWARN4 , SANE_ERRSV , vcroak , vfatal_warner , vwarn , vwarner , warn, warn_nocontext , warner, warner_nocontext , warn_sv

XS

aMY_CXT, _aMY_CXT, aMY_CXT_, ax , CLASS , dAX , dAXMARK , dITEMS , dMY_CXT, dMY_CXT_SV , dUNDERBAR , dXSARGS , dXSI32 , items , ix , MY_CXT, MY_CXT_CLONE, MY_CXT_INIT, pMY_CXT, _pMY_CXT, pMY_CXT_, RETVAL , ST , START_MY_CXT, THIS , UNDERBAR , XS , XS_EXTERNAL , XS_INTERNAL , XSPROTO

Undocumented elements

AUTHORS

SEE ALSO

DESCRIPTION

AV Handling

av_fetch_simple , AvFILLp , av_new_alloc , av_store_simple

Callback Functions

dowantarray , leave_scope , magic_freedestruct , mortal_svfunc_x , pop_scope , push_scope , save_adelete , save_freercpv , save_generic_pvref , save_generic_svref , save_hdelete , save_hints , save_op , save_padsv_and_mortalize , save_pushptr , save_rcpv , save_scalar_at , save_set_svflags , save_shared_pvref , save_vptr

Casting

Character case changing

Character classification

Compiler and Preprocessor information

Compiler directives

Compile-time scope hooks

BhkENTRY , BhkFLAGS , CALL_BLOCK_HOOKS

Concurrency

CVf_SLABBED, CvROOT, CvSTART, CX_CUR, CXINC, CX_LEAVE_SCOPE, CX_POP, cxstack, cxstack_ix, CXt_BLOCK, CXt_EVAL, CXt_FORMAT, CXt_GIVEN, CXt_LOOP_ARY, CXt_LOOP_LAZYIV, CXt_LOOP_LAZYSV, CXt_LOOP_LIST, CXt_LOOP_PLAIN, CXt_NULL, CXt_SUB, CXt_SUBST, CXt_WHEN, cx_type, dounwind, my_fork , PERL_CONTEXT

COPs and Hint Hashes

Custom Operators

core_prototype

CV Handling

CvREFCOUNTED_ANYSV , CvREFCOUNTED_ANYSV_off , CvREFCOUNTED_ANYSV_on , CvWEAKOUTSIDE , docatch

Debugging

comma_aDEPTH , comma_pDEPTH , debop , debprof , debprofdump , debug_aDEPTH , debug_pDEPTH , free_c_backtrace , get_c_backtrace , PL_DBsingle , PL_DBsub , PL_DBtrace , runops_debug, runops_standard

Display functions

sv_peek

Embedding, Threads, and Interpreter Cloning

cv_dump , cv_forget_slab , do_dump_pad , get_context , pad_alloc_name , pad_block_start , pad_check_dup , pad_findlex , pad_fixup_inner_anons , pad_free , pad_leavemy , padlist_dup , padname_dup , padnamelist_dup , pad_push , pad_reset , pad_setsv , pad_sv , pad_swipe , set_context , si_dup , ss_dup

Errno

dSAVEDERRNO , dSAVE_ERRNO , RESTORE_ERRNO , SAVE_ERRNO , SETERRNO

Exception Handling (simple) Macros

Filesystem configuration values

Floating point

General Configuration

Global Variables

GV Handling and Stashes

amagic_applies , gp_dup , gv_handler , gv_stashsvpvn_cached , gv_try_downgrade

Hook manipulation

HV Handling

hv_eiter_p , hv_eiter_set , hv_ename_add , hv_ename_delete , hv_fill , hv_placeholders_get , hv_placeholders_set , hv_riter_p , hv_riter_set , refcounted_he_chain_2hv , refcounted_he_fetch_pv , refcounted_he_fetch_pvn , refcounted_he_fetch_pvs , refcounted_he_fetch_sv , refcounted_he_free , refcounted_he_inc , refcounted_he_new_pv , refcounted_he_new_pvn , refcounted_he_new_pvs , refcounted_he_new_sv , unsharepvn

Input/Output

dirp_dup , fp_dup , my_fflush_all , my_mkostemp , my_mkstemp , PL_last_in_gv , PL_ofsgv , PL_rs , start_glob

Integer

I/O Formats

Lexer interface

resume_compcv_and_save , resume_compcv_final , validate_proto

Locales

Magic

magic_clearhint , magic_clearhints , magic_methcall , magic_sethint , mg_dup , mg_localize

Memory Management

calloc , malloc , mfree , realloc

MRO

mro_get_linear_isa_dfs , mro_isa_changed_in , mro_package_moved

Multicall Functions

Numeric Functions

isinfnansv

Optrees

newATTRSUB_x , newMYSUB , newXS_len_flags , op_refcnt_lock , op_refcnt_unlock , traverse_op_tree

Pack and Unpack

Pad Data Structures

CX_CURPAD_SAVE , CX_CURPAD_SV , PAD_BASE_SV , PAD_CLONE_VARS , PAD_COMPNAME_FLAGS , PAD_COMPNAME_GEN , PAD_COMPNAME_GEN_set , PAD_COMPNAME_OURSTASH , PAD_COMPNAME_PV , PAD_COMPNAME_TYPE , PadnameIsFIELD , PadnameIsOUR , PadnameIsSTATE , PadnameOURSTASH , PadnameOUTER , PadnameTYPE , PAD_RESTORE_LOCAL , PAD_SAVE_LOCAL , PAD_SAVE_SETNULLPAD , PAD_SET_CUR , PAD_SET_CUR_NOSAVE , PAD_SETSV , PAD_SV , PAD_SVl , SAVECLEARSV , SAVECOMPPAD , SAVEPADSV

Password and Group access

Paths to system commands

Prototype information

Reference-counted stack manipulation

REGEXP Functions

regnode

Reports and Formats

Signals

Site configuration

Sockets configuration values

Source Filters

Stack Manipulation Macros

djSP , LVRET , save_alloc

String Handling

delimcpy_no_escape , my_cxt_init , quadmath_format_needed , quadmath_format_valid

SV Flags

SVt_INVLIST

SV Handling

PL_Sv , sv_add_arena , sv_2bool , sv_2bool_flags , sv_clean_all , sv_clean_objs , sv_free_arenas , sv_grow , sv_grow_fresh , sv_newref , sv_2num , sv_pv , sv_pvbyte , sv_pvbyten_force , sv_2pvbyte_nolen , sv_pvn_force , sv_2pv_nolen , sv_pvutf8n_force , sv_2pvutf8_nolen , sv_pvutf8 , sv_tainted , SvTHINKFIRST , sv_true , sv_untaint

Tainting

sv_taint , TAINT , TAINT_ENV , taint_env , TAINT_get , TAINT_IF , TAINTING_get , TAINTING_set , TAINT_NOT , TAINT_PROPER , taint_proper , TAINT_set , TAINT_WARN_get , TAINT_WARN_set

Time

Typedef names

Unicode Support

bytes_from_utf8_loc , find_uninit_var , isSCRIPT_RUN , is_utf8_non_invariant_string , utf8n_to_uvuni , utf8_to_uvuni , uvoffuni_to_utf8_flags , valid_utf8_to_uvchr , variant_under_utf8_count

Utility Functions

my_popen_list , my_socketpair

Versioning

Warning and Dieing

deprecate , deprecate_disappears_in , deprecate_fatal_in , PL_dowarn , report_uninit

XS

Undocumented elements

AUTHORS

SEE ALSO

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

History and Background

Basic Structure

Layers vs Disciplines

Data Structures

Functions and Attributes

Per-instance Data

Layers in action

Per-instance flag bits

PERLIO_F_EOF, PERLIO_F_CANWRITE,  PERLIO_F_CANREAD, PERLIO_F_ERROR, PERLIO_F_TRUNCATE, PERLIO_F_APPEND, PERLIO_F_CRLF, PERLIO_F_UTF8, PERLIO_F_UNBUF, PERLIO_F_WRBUF, PERLIO_F_RDBUF, PERLIO_F_LINEBUF, PERLIO_F_TEMP, PERLIO_F_OPEN, PERLIO_F_FASTGETS

Methods in Detail

fsize, name, size, kind, PERLIO_K_BUFFERED, PERLIO_K_RAW, PERLIO_K_CANCRLF, PERLIO_K_FASTGETS, PERLIO_K_MULTIARG, Pushed, Popped, Open, Binmode, Getarg, Fileno, Dup, Read, Write, Seek, Tell, Close, Flush, Fill, Eof, Error, Clearerr, Setlinebuf, Get_base, Get_bufsiz, Get_ptr, Get_cnt, Set_ptrcnt

Utilities

Implementing PerlIO Layers

C implementations, Perl implementations

Core Layers

"unix", "perlio", "stdio", "crlf", "mmap", "pending", "raw", "utf8"

Extension Layers

":encoding", ":scalar", ":via"

TODO

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

1. USE_STDIO, 2. USE_PERLIO, PerlIO_stdin(), PerlIO_stdout(), PerlIO_stderr(), PerlIO_open(path, mode), PerlIO_fdopen(fd,mode), PerlIO_reopen(path,mode,f), PerlIO_printf(f,fmt,...), PerlIO_vprintf(f,fmt,a), PerlIO_stdoutf(fmt,...), PerlIO_read(f,buf,count), PerlIO_write(f,buf,count), PerlIO_fill(f), PerlIO_close(f), PerlIO_puts(f,s), PerlIO_putc(f,c), PerlIO_ungetc(f,c), PerlIO_unread(f,buf,count), PerlIO_getc(f), PerlIO_eof(f), PerlIO_error(f), PerlIO_fileno(f), PerlIO_clearerr(f), PerlIO_flush(f), PerlIO_seek(f,offset,whence), PerlIO_tell(f), PerlIO_getpos(f,p), PerlIO_setpos(f,p), PerlIO_rewind(f), PerlIO_tmpfile(), PerlIO_setlinebuf(f)

Co-existence with stdio

PerlIO_importFILE(f,mode), PerlIO_exportFILE(f,mode), PerlIO_releaseFILE(p,f), PerlIO_findFILE(f)

"Fast gets" Functions

PerlIO_fast_gets(f), PerlIO_has_cntptr(f), PerlIO_get_cnt(f), PerlIO_get_ptr(f), PerlIO_set_ptrcnt(f,p,c), PerlIO_canset_cnt(f), PerlIO_set_cnt(f,c), PerlIO_has_base(f), PerlIO_get_base(f), PerlIO_get_bufsiz(f)

Other Functions

PerlIO_apply_layers(aTHX_ f,mode,layers), PerlIO_binmode(aTHX_ f,ptype,imode,layers), '<' read, '>' write, '+' read/write, PerlIO_debug(fmt,...)

DESCRIPTION

SUPER QUICK PATCH GUIDE

Check out the source repository, Ensure you're following the latest advice, Create a branch for your change, Make your change, Test your change, Commit your change, Send your change to the Perl issue tracker, Thank you, Acknowledgement, Next time

BUG REPORTING

PERL 5 PORTERS

perl-changes mailing list

#p5p on IRC

GETTING THE PERL SOURCE

Read access via Git

Read access via the web

Write access via git

PATCHING PERL

Submitting patches

Getting your patch accepted

Why, What, How

Patching a core module

Updating perldelta

What makes for a good patch?

TESTING

t/base, t/comp and t/opbasic, All other subdirectories of t/, Test files not found under t/

Special make test targets

test_porting, minitest, test.valgrind check.valgrind, test_harness, test-notty test_notty

Parallel tests

Running tests by hand

Using t/harness for testing

-v, -torture, -re=PATTERN, -re LIST OF PATTERNS, PERL_CORE=1, PERL_DESTRUCT_LEVEL=2, PERL, PERL_SKIP_TTY_TEST, PERL_TEST_Net_Ping, PERL_TEST_NOVREXX, PERL_TEST_NUMCONVERTS, PERL_TEST_MEMORY

Performance testing

Building perl at older commits

MORE READING FOR GUTS HACKERS

perlsource, perlinterp, perlhacktut, perlhacktips, perlguts, perlxstut and perlxs, perlapi, Porting/pumpkin.pod

CPAN TESTERS AND PERL SMOKERS

WHAT NEXT?

"The Road goes ever on and on, down from the door where it began."

Metaphoric Quotations

AUTHOR

DESCRIPTION

FINDING YOUR WAY AROUND

C code

Core modules

lib/, ext/, dist/, cpan/

Tests

Module tests, t/base/, t/cmd/, t/comp/, t/io/, t/mro/, t/op/, t/opbasic/, t/re/, t/run/, t/uni/, t/win32/, t/porting/, t/lib/

Documentation

Hacking tools and documentation

check*, Maintainers, Maintainers.pl, and Maintainers.pm, podtidy

Build system

AUTHORS

MANIFEST

DESCRIPTION

ELEMENTS OF THE INTERPRETER

Startup

Parsing

Optimization

Running

Exception handing

level 2: perl-level exit() and internals my_exit(), level 3: perl-level die() and internals croak(), level 1: unused, level 0: normal return

INTERNAL VARIABLE TYPES

OP TREES

STACKS

Argument stack

Mark stack

Save stack

MILLIONS OF MACROS

FURTHER READING

DESCRIPTION

EXAMPLE OF A SIMPLE PATCH

Writing the patch

Testing the patch

Documenting the patch

Submit

AUTHOR

DESCRIPTION

COMMON PROBLEMS

Perl environment problems

C99

AIX, HP/UX, Solaris

Symbol Names and Namespace Pollution

Don't begin a symbol name with an underscore; (e.g., don't use: _FOOBAR), Don't use two consecutive underscores in a symbol name; (e.g., don't use FOO__BAR)

Writing safer macros

Portability problems

Problematic System Interfaces

Security problems

DEBUGGING

Poking at Perl

Using a source-level debugger

run [args], break function_name, break source.c:xxx, step, next, continue, finish, 'enter', ptype, print

gdb macro support

Dumping Perl Data Structures

Using gdb to look at specific parts of a program

Using gdb to look at what the parser/lexer are doing

SOURCE CODE STATIC ANALYSIS

lint

Coverity

HP-UX cadvise (Code Advisor)

cpd (cut-and-paste detector)

gcc warnings

Warnings of other C compilers

MEMORY DEBUGGERS

valgrind

AddressSanitizer

-Dcc=clang, -Accflags=-fsanitize=address, -Aldflags=-fsanitize=address, -Alddlflags=-shared\ -fsanitize=address, -fsanitize-blacklist=`pwd`/asan_ignore

Dr Memory

PROFILING

Gprof Profiling

-a, -b, -e routine, -f routine, -s, -z

GCC gcov Profiling

callgrind profiling

--threshold, --auto

profiler profiling (Cygwin)

Visual Studio Profiling

MISCELLANEOUS TRICKS

PERL_DESTRUCT_LEVEL

Leaked SV spotting: sv_mark_arenas() and sv_sweep_arenas()

PERL_MEM_LOG

DDD over gdb

C backtrace

Linux, OS X, get_c_backtrace, free_c_backtrace, get_c_backtrace_dump, dump_c_backtrace

Poison

Read-only optrees

When is a bool not a bool?

Finding unsafe truncations

The .i Targets

AUTHOR

DESCRIPTION

GOVERNANCE

Perl 5 Porters

MAINTENANCE AND SUPPORT

BACKWARD COMPATIBILITY AND DEPRECATION

Terminology

experimental, deprecated, discouraged, removed

MAINTENANCE BRANCHES

Getting changes into a maint branch

CONTRIBUTED MODULES

A Social Contract about Artistic Control

DOCUMENTATION

STANDARDS OF CONDUCT

CREDITS

PREAMBLE

Mandate

Definitions

"Core Team", "Steering Council", "Vote Administrator"

The Core Team

The Steering Council

The Vote Administrator

Steering Council and Core Team Members

Steering Council Members

Graham Knop, Paul Evans, Philippe Bruhat

Core Team Members

Active Members

Chad Granum <exodist7@gmail.com>, Chris 'BinGOs' Williams <chris@bingosnet.co.uk>, Craig Berry <craigberry@mac.com>, Dagfinn Ilmari Mannsåker <ilmari@ilmari.org>, David Mitchell <davem@iabyn.com>, Graham Knop <haarg@haarg.org>, H. Merijn Brand <perl5@tux.freedom.nl>, Hugo van der Sanden <hv@crypt.org>, James E Keenan <jkeenan@cpan.org>, Karen Etheridge <ether@cpan.org>, Karl Williamson <khw@cpan.org>, Leon Timmermans <fawaka@gmail.com>, Matthew Horsfall <wolfsage@gmail.com>, Max Maischein <cpan@corion.net>, Neil Bowers <neilb@neilb.org>, Nicholas Clark <nick@ccl4.org>, Nicolas R <atoomic@cpan.org>, Paul "LeoNerd" Evans <leonerd@leonerd.org.uk>, Philippe "BooK" Bruhat <book@cpan.org>, Ricardo Signes <rjbs@semiotic.systems>, Steve Hay <steve.m.hay@googlemail.com>, Stuart Mackintosh <stuart@perlfoundation.org>, Todd Rinaldo <toddr@cpanel.net>, Tony Cook <tony@develop-help.com>, Yves Orton <demerphq@gmail.com>

Inactive Members

Abhijit Menon-Sen <ams@toroid.org>, Andy Dougherty <doughera@lafayette.edu>, David Golden <xdg@xdg.me>, Jan Dubois <jan@jandubois.com>, Jason McIntosh <jmac@jmac.org>, Jesse Vincent <jesse@fsck.com>

DESCRIPTION

CLONING THE REPOSITORY

WORKING WITH THE REPOSITORY

Finding out your status

Patch workflow

A note on derived files

Cleaning a working directory

Bisecting

Topic branches and rewriting history

Grafts

WRITE ACCESS TO THE GIT REPOSITORY

Working with Github pull requests

Accepting a patch

Committing to blead

On merging and rebasing

Committing to maintenance versions

Using a smoke-me branch to test changes

DESCRIPTION

INTRODUCTION

THE KEEPERS OF THE PUMPKIN

PUMPKIN?

THE RECORDS

SELECTED RELEASE SIZES

SELECTED PATCH SIZES

THE KEEPERS OF THE RECORDS

DESCRIPTION

Core Enhancements

New __CLASS__ Keyword

:reader attribute for field variables

Permit a space in -M command-line option

Restrictions to use VERSION declarations

New builtin::inf and builtin::nan functions (experimental)

New ^^ logical xor operator

try/catch feature is no longer experimental

for iterating over multiple values at a time is no longer experimental

builtin module is no longer experimental

The :5.40 feature bundle adds try

use v5.40; imports builtin functions

Security

CVE-2023-47038 - Write past buffer end via illegal user-defined Unicode property

CVE-2023-47039 - Perl for Windows binary hijacking vulnerability

Incompatible Changes

reset EXPR now calls set-magic on scalars

Calling the import method of an unknown package produces a warning

return no longer allows an indirect object

Class barewords no longer resolved as file handles in method calls under no feature "bareword_filehandles"

Deprecations

Performance Enhancements

Modules and Pragmata

New Modules and Pragmata

Updated Modules and Pragmata

Documentation

Changes to Existing Documentation

Diagnostics

New Diagnostics

Changes to Existing Diagnostics

Configuration and Compilation

Testing

Platform Support

New Platforms

Serenity OS

Platform-Specific Notes

Windows, Linux, MacOS/Darwin, VMS, Oracle Developer Studio (Solaris, Oracle Linux)

Internal Changes

Selected Bug Fixes

Known Problems

perlivp is missing streamzip on Windows

Errata From Previous Releases

Acknowledgements

Reporting Bugs

Give Thanks

SEE ALSO

DESCRIPTION

Core Enhancements

New __CLASS__ Keyword

:reader attribute for field variables

Permit a space in -M command-line option

Restrictions to use VERSION declarations

New builtin::inf and builtin::nan functions (experimental)

New ^^ logical xor operator

try/catch feature is no longer experimental

for iterating over multiple values at a time is no longer experimental

builtin module is no longer experimental

The :5.40 feature bundle adds try

use v5.40; imports builtin functions

Security

CVE-2023-47038 - Write past buffer end via illegal user-defined Unicode property

CVE-2023-47039 - Perl for Windows binary hijacking vulnerability

Incompatible Changes

reset EXPR now calls set-magic on scalars

Calling the import method of an unknown package produces a warning

return no longer allows an indirect object

Class barewords no longer resolved as file handles in method calls under no feature "bareword_filehandles"

Deprecations

Performance Enhancements

Modules and Pragmata

New Modules and Pragmata

Updated Modules and Pragmata

Documentation

Changes to Existing Documentation

Diagnostics

New Diagnostics

Changes to Existing Diagnostics

Configuration and Compilation

Testing

Platform Support

New Platforms

Serenity OS

Platform-Specific Notes

Windows, Linux, MacOS/Darwin, VMS, Oracle Developer Studio (Solaris, Oracle Linux)

Internal Changes

Selected Bug Fixes

Known Problems

perlivp is missing streamzip on Windows

Errata From Previous Releases

Acknowledgements

Reporting Bugs

Give Thanks

SEE ALSO

DESCRIPTION

Core Enhancements

New __CLASS__ Keyword

:reader attribute for field variables

Permit a space in -M command-line option

Restrictions to use VERSION declarations

New builtin::inf and builtin::nan functions (experimental)

New ^^ logical xor operator

try/catch feature is no longer experimental

for iterating over multiple values at a time is no longer experimental

builtin module is no longer experimental

The :5.40 feature bundle adds try

use v5.40; imports builtin functions

Security

CVE-2023-47038 - Write past buffer end via illegal user-defined Unicode property

CVE-2023-47039 - Perl for Windows binary hijacking vulnerability

Incompatible Changes

reset EXPR now calls set-magic on scalars

Calling the import method of an unknown package produces a warning

return no longer allows an indirect object

Class barewords no longer resolved as file handles in method calls under no feature "bareword_filehandles"

Deprecations

Performance Enhancements

Modules and Pragmata

New Modules and Pragmata

Updated Modules and Pragmata

Documentation

Changes to Existing Documentation

Diagnostics

New Diagnostics

Changes to Existing Diagnostics

Configuration and Compilation

Testing

Platform Support

New Platforms

Serenity OS

Platform-Specific Notes

Windows, Linux, MacOS/Darwin, VMS, Oracle Developer Studio (Solaris, Oracle Linux)

Internal Changes

Selected Bug Fixes

Known Problems

perlivp is missing streamzip on Windows

Errata From Previous Releases

Acknowledgements

Reporting Bugs

Give Thanks

SEE ALSO

DESCRIPTION

Security

CVE-2023-47038 - Write past buffer end via illegal user-defined Unicode property

CVE-2023-47039 - Perl for Windows binary hijacking vulnerability

Acknowledgements

Reporting Bugs

Give Thanks

SEE ALSO

DESCRIPTION

Security

CVE-2023-47038 - Write past buffer end via illegal user-defined Unicode property

CVE-2023-47039 - Perl for Windows binary hijacking vulnerability

Acknowledgements

Reporting Bugs

Give Thanks

SEE ALSO

DESCRIPTION

Core Enhancements

New class Feature

Unicode 15.0 is supported

Deprecation warnings now have specific subcategories

%{^HOOK} API introduced

PERL_RAND_SEED

Defined-or and logical-or assignment default expressions in signatures

@INC Hook Enhancements and $INC and INCDIR

Forbidden control flow out of defer or finally now detected at compile-time

Optimistic Eval in Patterns

REG_INF has been raised from 65,536 to 2,147,483,647

New API functions optimize_optree and finalize_optree

Some gotos are now permitted in defer and finally blocks

New regexp variable ${^LAST_SUCCESSFUL_PATTERN}

Locale category LC_NAME now supported on participating platforms

Incompatible Changes

readline() no longer clears the stream error and eof flags

INIT blocks no longer run after an exit() in BEGIN

Syntax errors no longer produce "phantom error messages"

utf8::upgrade()

Changes to "thread-safe" locales

Deprecations

Use of ' as a package name separator is deprecated

Switch and Smart Match operator

Performance Enhancements

Modules and Pragmata

Updated Modules and Pragmata

Documentation

New Documentation

Changes to Existing Documentation

Diagnostics

New Diagnostics

Changes to Existing Diagnostics

Configuration and Compilation

Testing

Platform Support

Discontinued Platforms

Ultrix

Platform-Specific Notes

DragonflyBSD, FreeBSD, Solaris, Synology, Windows

Internal Changes

newSVbool(const bool bool_val), newSV_true(), newSV_false(), sv_set_true(SV *sv), sv_set_false(SV *sv), sv_set_bool(SV *sv, const bool bool_val), SvIandPOK(sv), SvIandPOK_off(sv), SvIandPOK_on, I32df -- Like %d, U32of -- Like %o, U32uf -- Like %u, U32xf -- Like %x, U32Xf -- Like %X

Selected Bug Fixes

Acknowledgements

Reporting Bugs

Give Thanks

SEE ALSO

DESCRIPTION

Security

CVE-2023-47038 - Write past buffer end via illegal user-defined Unicode property

CVE-2023-47039 - Perl for Windows binary hijacking vulnerability

Acknowledgements

Reporting Bugs

Give Thanks

SEE ALSO

DESCRIPTION

Security

CVE-2023-47038 - Write past buffer end via illegal user-defined Unicode property

CVE-2023-47039 - Perl for Windows binary hijacking vulnerability

Acknowledgements

Reporting Bugs

Give Thanks

SEE ALSO

DESCRIPTION

Incompatible Changes

Modules and Pragmata

Updated Modules and Pragmata

Configuration and Compilation

Testing

Selected Bug Fixes

Acknowledgements

Reporting Bugs

Give Thanks

SEE ALSO

DESCRIPTION

Core Enhancements

use v5.36

-g command-line flag

Unicode 14.0 is supported

regex sets are no longer considered experimental

Variable length lookbehind is mostly no longer considered experimental

SIGFPE no longer deferred

Stable boolean tracking

iterating over multiple values at a time (experimental)

builtin functions (experimental)

builtin::trim, builtin::indexed, builtin::true, builtin::false, builtin::is_bool, builtin::weaken, builtin::unweaken, builtin::is_weak, builtin::blessed, builtin::refaddr, builtin::reftype, builtin::ceil, builtin::floor

defer blocks (experimental)

try/catch can now have a finally block (experimental)

non-ASCII delimiters for quote-like operators (experimental)

@_ is now experimental within signatured subs

Incompatible Changes

A physically empty sort is now a compile-time error

Deprecations

use VERSION (where VERSION is below v5.11) after use v5.11 is deprecated

Performance Enhancements

Modules and Pragmata

Updated Modules and Pragmata

Documentation

New Documentation

Changes to Existing Documentation

Diagnostics

New Diagnostics

Changes to Existing Diagnostics

Configuration and Compilation

Testing

Platform Support

Windows

VMS

keys %ENV on VMS returns consistent results

Discontinued Platforms

AT&T UWIN, DOS/DJGPP, NetWare

Platform-Specific Notes

z/OS

Internal Changes

Selected Bug Fixes

Errata From Previous Releases

Obituaries

Acknowledgements

Reporting Bugs

Give Thanks

SEE ALSO

DESCRIPTION

Security

CVE-2023-47038 - Write past buffer end via illegal user-defined Unicode property

CVE-2023-47039 - Perl for Windows binary hijacking vulnerability

Acknowledgements

Reporting Bugs

Give Thanks

SEE ALSO

DESCRIPTION

Security

CVE-2023-47038 - Write past buffer end via illegal user-defined Unicode property

CVE-2023-47039 - Perl for Windows binary hijacking vulnerability

Acknowledgements

Reporting Bugs

Give Thanks

SEE ALSO

DESCRIPTION

Incompatible Changes

Modules and Pragmata

Updated Modules and Pragmata

Testing

Platform-Specific Notes

Windows

Selected Bug Fixes

Acknowledgements

Reporting Bugs

Give Thanks

SEE ALSO

DESCRIPTION

Core Enhancements

Experimental Try/Catch Syntax

qr/{,n}/ is now accepted

Blanks freely allowed within but adjacent to curly braces

New octal syntax 0oddddd

Performance Enhancements

Modules and Pragmata

New Modules and Pragmata

Updated Modules and Pragmata

Documentation

New Documentation

Changes to Existing Documentation

Diagnostics

New Diagnostics

Changes to Existing Diagnostics

Utility Changes

perl5db.pl (the debugger)

New option: HistItemMinLength, Fix to i and l commands

Configuration and Compilation

stadtx hash support has been removed, Configure, -Dusedefaultstrict

Testing

Platform Support

New Platforms

9front

Updated Platforms

Plan9, MacOS (Darwin)

Discontinued Platforms

Symbian

Platform-Specific Notes

DragonFlyBSD, Mac OS X, Windows, z/OS

Internal Changes

Selected Bug Fixes

pack/unpack format 'D' now works on all systems that could support it

Known Problems

Errata From Previous Releases

Obituary

Acknowledgements

Reporting Bugs

Give Thanks

SEE ALSO

DESCRIPTION

Incompatible Changes

Modules and Pragmata

Updated Modules and Pragmata

Documentation

New Documentation

Changes to Existing Documentation

Diagnostics

Changes to Existing Diagnostics

Configuration and Compilation

Testing

Platform Support

Platform-Specific Notes

MacOS (Darwin), Minix

Selected Bug Fixes

Acknowledgements

Reporting Bugs

Give Thanks

SEE ALSO

DESCRIPTION

Core Enhancements

The isa Operator

Unicode 13.0 is supported

Chained comparisons capability

New Unicode properties Identifier_Status and Identifier_Type supported

It is now possible to write qr/\p{Name=...}/, or qr!\p{na=/(SMILING|GRINNING) FACE/}!

Improvement of POSIX::mblen(), mbtowc, and wctomb

Alpha assertions are no longer experimental

Script runs are no longer experimental

Feature checks are now faster

Perl is now developed on GitHub

Compiled patterns can now be dumped before optimization

Security

[CVE-2020-10543] Buffer overflow caused by a crafted regular expression

[CVE-2020-10878] Integer overflow via malformed bytecode produced by a crafted regular expression

[CVE-2020-12723] Buffer overflow caused by a crafted regular expression

Additional Note

Incompatible Changes

Certain pattern matching features are now prohibited in compiling Unicode property value wildcard subpatterns

Unused functions POSIX::mbstowcs and POSIX::wcstombs are removed

A bug fix for (?[...]) may have caused some patterns to no longer compile

\p{user-defined} properties now always override official Unicode ones

Modifiable variables are no longer permitted in constants

Use of vec on strings with code points above 0xFF is forbidden

Use of code points over 0xFF in string bitwise operators

Sys::Hostname::hostname() does not accept arguments

Plain "0" string now treated as a number for range operator

\K now disallowed in look-ahead and look-behind assertions

Performance Enhancements

Modules and Pragmata

Updated Modules and Pragmata

Removed Modules and Pragmata

Documentation

Changes to Existing Documentation

caller, __FILE__, __LINE__, return, open

Diagnostics

New Diagnostics

Changes to Existing Diagnostics

Utility Changes

perlbug

The bug tracker homepage URL now points to GitHub

streamzip

Configuration and Compilation

Configure

Testing

Platform Support

Discontinued Platforms

Windows CE

Platform-Specific Notes

Linux, NetBSD 8.0, Windows, Solaris, VMS, z/OS

Internal Changes

Selected Bug Fixes

Obituary

Acknowledgements

Reporting Bugs

Give Thanks

SEE ALSO

DESCRIPTION

Security

[CVE-2020-10543] Buffer overflow caused by a crafted regular expression

[CVE-2020-10878] Integer overflow via malformed bytecode produced by a crafted regular expression

[CVE-2020-12723] Buffer overflow caused by a crafted regular expression

Additional Note

Incompatible Changes

Modules and Pragmata

Updated Modules and Pragmata

Testing

Acknowledgements

Reporting Bugs

Give Thanks

SEE ALSO

DESCRIPTION

Incompatible Changes

Modules and Pragmata

Updated Modules and Pragmata

Documentation

Changes to Existing Documentation

Configuration and Compilation

Testing

Platform Support

Platform-Specific Notes

Windows

Selected Bug Fixes

Acknowledgements

Reporting Bugs

Give Thanks

SEE ALSO

DESCRIPTION

Incompatible Changes

Modules and Pragmata

Updated Modules and Pragmata

Documentation

Changes to Existing Documentation

Configuration and Compilation

Testing

Platform Support

Platform-Specific Notes

Win32

Selected Bug Fixes

Acknowledgements

Reporting Bugs

Give Thanks

SEE ALSO

DESCRIPTION

Notice

Core Enhancements

Limited variable length lookbehind in regular expression pattern matching is now experimentally supported

The upper limit "n" specifiable in a regular expression quantifier of the form "{m,n}" has been doubled to 65534

Unicode 12.1 is supported

Wildcards in Unicode property value specifications are now partially supported

qr'\N{name}' is now supported

Turkic UTF-8 locales are now seamlessly supported

It is now possible to compile perl to always use thread-safe locale operations

Eliminate opASSIGN macro usage from core

-Drv now means something on -DDEBUGGING builds

Incompatible Changes

Assigning non-zero to $[ is fatal

Delimiters must now be graphemes

Some formerly deprecated uses of an unescaped left brace "{" in regular expression patterns are now illegal

Previously deprecated sysread()/syswrite() on :utf8 handles is now fatal

my() in false conditional prohibited

Fatalize $* and $#

Fatalize unqualified use of dump()

Remove File::Glob::glob()

pack() no longer can return malformed UTF-8

Any set of digits in the Common script are legal in a script run of another script

JSON::PP enables allow_nonref by default

Deprecations

In XS code, use of various macros dealing with UTF-8

Performance Enhancements

Modules and Pragmata

Updated Modules and Pragmata

Removed Modules and Pragmata

Documentation

Changes to Existing Documentation

Diagnostics

Changes to Existing Diagnostics

Utility Changes

xsubpp

Configuration and Compilation

Testing

Platform Support

Platform-Specific Notes

HP-UX 11.11, Mac OS X, Minix3, Cygwin, Win32 Mingw, Windows

Internal Changes

Selected Bug Fixes

Acknowledgements

Reporting Bugs

Give Thanks

SEE ALSO

DESCRIPTION

Security

[CVE-2020-10543] Buffer overflow caused by a crafted regular expression

[CVE-2020-10878] Integer overflow via malformed bytecode produced by a crafted regular expression

[CVE-2020-12723] Buffer overflow caused by a crafted regular expression

Additional Note

Incompatible Changes

Modules and Pragmata

Updated Modules and Pragmata