mlr - Man Page

mlr --csv cut -f hostname,uptime mydata.csv
mlr --tsv --rs lf filter '$status != "down" && $upsec >= 10000' *.tsv
mlr --nidx put '$sum = $7 < 0.0 ? 3.5 : $7 + 2.1*$8' *.dat
grep -v '^#' /etc/group | mlr --ifs : --nidx --opprint label group,pass,gid,member then sort -f group
mlr join -j account_id -f accounts.dat then group-by account_name balances.dat
mlr --json put '$attr = sub($attr, "([0-9]+)_([0-9]+)_.*", "\1:\2")' data/*.json
mlr stats1 -a min,mean,max,p10,p50,p90 -f flag,u,v data/*
mlr stats2 -a linreg-pca -f u,v -g shape data/*
mlr put -q '@sum[$a][$b] += $x; end {emit @sum, "a", "b"}' data/*
mlr --from estimates.tbl put '
  for (k,v in $*) {
    if (is_numeric(v) && k =~ "^[t-z].*$") {
      $sum += v; $count += 1
    }
  }
  $mean = $sum / $count # no assignment if count unset'
mlr --from infile.dat put -f analyze.mlr
mlr --from infile.dat put 'tee > "./taps/data-".$a."-".$b, $*'
mlr --from infile.dat put 'tee | "gzip > ./taps/data-".$a."-".$b.".gz", $*'
mlr --from infile.dat put -q '@v=$*; dump | "jq .[]"'
mlr --from infile.dat put  '(NR % 1000 == 0) { print > stderr, "Checkpoint ".NR}'

  DKVP: delimited key-value pairs (Miller default format)
  +---------------------+
  | apple=1,bat=2,cog=3 | Record 1: "apple" => "1", "bat" => "2", "cog" => "3"
  | dish=7,egg=8,flint  | Record 2: "dish" => "7", "egg" => "8", "3" => "flint"
  +---------------------+
  NIDX: implicitly numerically indexed (Unix-toolkit style)
  +---------------------+
  | the quick brown     | Record 1: "1" => "the", "2" => "quick", "3" => "brown"
  | fox jumped          | Record 2: "1" => "fox", "2" => "jumped"
  +---------------------+
  CSV/CSV-lite: comma-separated values with separate header line
  +---------------------+
  | apple,bat,cog       |
  | 1,2,3               | Record 1: "apple => "1", "bat" => "2", "cog" => "3"
  | 4,5,6               | Record 2: "apple" => "4", "bat" => "5", "cog" => "6"
  +---------------------+
  Tabular JSON: nested objects are supported, although arrays within them are not:
  +---------------------+
  | {                   |
  |  "apple": 1,        | Record 1: "apple" => "1", "bat" => "2", "cog" => "3"
  |  "bat": 2,          |
  |  "cog": 3           |
  | }                   |
  | {                   |
  |   "dish": {         | Record 2: "dish:egg" => "7", "dish:flint" => "8", "garlic" => ""
  |     "egg": 7,       |
  |     "flint": 8      |
  |   },                |
  |   "garlic": ""      |
  | }                   |
  +---------------------+
  PPRINT: pretty-printed tabular
  +---------------------+
  | apple bat cog       |
  | 1     2   3         | Record 1: "apple => "1", "bat" => "2", "cog" => "3"
  | 4     5   6         | Record 2: "apple" => "4", "bat" => "5", "cog" => "6"
  +---------------------+
  XTAB: pretty-printed transposed tabular
  +---------------------+
  | apple 1             | Record 1: "apple" => "1", "bat" => "2", "cog" => "3"
  | bat   2             |
  | cog   3             |
  |                     |
  | dish 7              | Record 2: "dish" => "7", "egg" => "8"
  | egg  8              |
  +---------------------+
  Markdown tabular (supported for output only):
  +-----------------------+
  | | apple | bat | cog | |
  | | ---   | --- | --- | |
  | | 1     | 2   | 3   | | Record 1: "apple => "1", "bat" => "2", "cog" => "3"
  | | 4     | 5   | 6   | | Record 2: "apple" => "4", "bat" => "5", "cog" => "6"
  +-----------------------+

  -h or --help                 Show this message.
  --version                    Show the software version.
  {verb name} --help           Show verb-specific help.
  --help-all-verbs             Show help on all verbs.
  -l or --list-all-verbs       List only verb names.
  -L                           List only verb names, one per line.
  -f or --help-all-functions   Show help on all built-in functions.
  -F                           Show a bare listing of built-in functions by name.
  -k or --help-all-keywords    Show help on all keywords.
  -K                           Show a bare listing of keywords by name.

 altkv bar bootstrap cat check clean-whitespace count count-distinct
 count-similar cut decimate fill-down filter format-values fraction grep
 group-by group-like having-fields head histogram join label least-frequent
 merge-fields most-frequent nest nothing put regularize remove-empty-columns
 rename reorder repeat reshape sample sec2gmt sec2gmtdate seqgen shuffle
 skip-trivial-records sort sort-within-records stats1 stats2 step tac tail tee
 top uniq unsparsify

 + + - - * / // .+ .+ .- .- .* ./ .// % ** | ^ & ~ << >> bitcount == != =~ !=~
 > >= < <= && || ^^ ! ? : . gsub regextract regextract_or_else strlen sub ssub
 substr tolower toupper truncate capitalize lstrip rstrip strip
 collapse_whitespace clean_whitespace system abs acos acosh asin asinh atan
 atan2 atanh cbrt ceil cos cosh erf erfc exp expm1 floor invqnorm log log10
 log1p logifit madd max mexp min mmul msub pow qnorm round roundm sgn sin sinh
 sqrt tan tanh urand urandrange urand32 urandint dhms2fsec dhms2sec fsec2dhms
 fsec2hms gmt2sec localtime2sec hms2fsec hms2sec sec2dhms sec2gmt sec2gmt
 sec2gmtdate sec2localtime sec2localtime sec2localdate sec2hms strftime
 strftime_local strptime strptime_local systime is_absent is_bool is_boolean
 is_empty is_empty_map is_float is_int is_map is_nonempty_map is_not_empty
 is_not_map is_not_null is_null is_numeric is_present is_string
 asserting_absent asserting_bool asserting_boolean asserting_empty
 asserting_empty_map asserting_float asserting_int asserting_map
 asserting_nonempty_map asserting_not_empty asserting_not_map
 asserting_not_null asserting_null asserting_numeric asserting_present
 asserting_string boolean float fmtnum hexfmt int string typeof depth haskey
 joink joinkv joinv leafcount length mapdiff mapexcept mapselect mapsum splitkv
 splitkvx splitnv splitnvx
Please use "mlr --help-function {function name}" for function-specific help.

  --idkvp   --odkvp   --dkvp      Delimited key-value pairs, e.g "a=1,b=2"
                                  (this is Miller's default format).
  --inidx   --onidx   --nidx      Implicitly-integer-indexed fields
                                  (Unix-toolkit style).
  -T                              Synonymous with "--nidx --fs tab".
  --icsv    --ocsv    --csv       Comma-separated value (or tab-separated
                                  with --fs tab, etc.)
  --itsv    --otsv    --tsv       Keystroke-savers for "--icsv --ifs tab",
                                  "--ocsv --ofs tab", "--csv --fs tab".
  --iasv    --oasv    --asv       Similar but using ASCII FS 0x1f and RS 0x1e
  --iusv    --ousv    --usv       Similar but using Unicode FS U+241F (UTF-8 0xe2909f)
                                  and RS U+241E (UTF-8 0xe2909e)
  --icsvlite --ocsvlite --csvlite Comma-separated value (or tab-separated
                                  with --fs tab, etc.). The 'lite' CSV does not handle
                                  RFC-CSV double-quoting rules; is slightly faster;
                                  and handles heterogeneity in the input stream via
                                  empty newline followed by new header line. See also
                                  http://johnkerl.org/miller/doc/file-formats.html#CSV/TSV/etc.
  --itsvlite --otsvlite --tsvlite Keystroke-savers for "--icsvlite --ifs tab",
                                  "--ocsvlite --ofs tab", "--csvlite --fs tab".
  -t                              Synonymous with --tsvlite.
  --iasvlite --oasvlite --asvlite Similar to --itsvlite et al. but using ASCII FS 0x1f and RS 0x1e
  --iusvlite --ousvlite --usvlite Similar to --itsvlite et al. but using Unicode FS U+241F (UTF-8 0xe2909f)
                                  and RS U+241E (UTF-8 0xe2909e)
  --ipprint --opprint --pprint    Pretty-printed tabular (produces no
                                  output until all input is in).
                      --right     Right-justifies all fields for PPRINT output.
                      --barred    Prints a border around PPRINT output
                                  (only available for output).
            --omd                 Markdown-tabular (only available for output).
  --ixtab   --oxtab   --xtab      Pretty-printed vertical-tabular.
                      --xvright   Right-justifies values for XTAB format.
  --ijson   --ojson   --json      JSON tabular: sequence or list of one-level
                                  maps: {...}{...} or [{...},{...}].
    --json-map-arrays-on-input    JSON arrays are unmillerable. --json-map-arrays-on-input
    --json-skip-arrays-on-input   is the default: arrays are converted to integer-indexed
    --json-fatal-arrays-on-input  maps. The other two options cause them to be skipped, or
                                  to be treated as errors.  Please use the jq tool for full
                                  JSON (pre)processing.
                      --jvstack   Put one key-value pair per line for JSON
                                  output.
                --jsonx --ojsonx  Keystroke-savers for --json --jvstack
                --jsonx --ojsonx  and --ojson --jvstack, respectively.
                      --jlistwrap Wrap JSON output in outermost [ ].
                    --jknquoteint Do not quote non-string map keys in JSON output.
                     --jvquoteall Quote map values in JSON output, even if they're
                                  numeric.
              --jflatsep {string} Separator for flattening multi-level JSON keys,
                                  e.g. '{"a":{"b":3}}' becomes a:b => 3 for
                                  non-JSON formats. Defaults to :.
  -p is a keystroke-saver for --nidx --fs space --repifs
  Examples: --csv for CSV-formatted input and output; --idkvp --opprint for
  DKVP-formatted input and pretty-printed output.
  Please use --iformat1 --oformat2 rather than --format1 --oformat2.
  The latter sets up input and output flags for format1, not all of which
  are overridden in all cases by setting output format to format2.

  --skip-comments                 Ignore commented lines (prefixed by "#")
                                  within the input.
  --skip-comments-with {string}   Ignore commented lines within input, with
                                  specified prefix.
  --pass-comments                 Immediately print commented lines (prefixed by "#")
                                  within the input.
  --pass-comments-with {string}   Immediately print commented lines within input, with
                                  specified prefix.
Notes:
* Comments are only honored at the start of a line.
* In the absence of any of the above four options, comments are data like
  any other text.
* When pass-comments is used, comment lines are written to standard output
  immediately upon being read; they are not part of the record stream.
  Results may be counterintuitive. A suggestion is to place comments at the
  start of data files.

As keystroke-savers for format-conversion you may use the following:
        --c2t --c2d --c2n --c2j --c2x --c2p --c2m
  --t2c       --t2d --t2n --t2j --t2x --t2p --t2m
  --d2c --d2t       --d2n --d2j --d2x --d2p --d2m
  --n2c --n2t --n2d       --n2j --n2x --n2p --n2m
  --j2c --j2t --j2d --j2n       --j2x --j2p --j2m
  --x2c --x2t --x2d --x2n --x2j       --x2p --x2m
  --p2c --p2t --p2d --p2n --p2j --p2x       --p2m
The letters c t d n j x p m refer to formats CSV, TSV, DKVP, NIDX, JSON, XTAB,
PPRINT, and markdown, respectively. Note that markdown format is available for
output only.

  --prepipe {command} This allows Miller to handle compressed inputs. You can do
  without this for single input files, e.g. "gunzip < myfile.csv.gz | mlr ...".
  However, when multiple input files are present, between-file separations are
  lost; also, the FILENAME variable doesn't iterate. Using --prepipe you can
  specify an action to be taken on each input file. This pre-pipe command must
  be able to read from standard input; it will be invoked with
    {command} < {filename}.
  Examples:
    mlr --prepipe 'gunzip'
    mlr --prepipe 'zcat -cf'
    mlr --prepipe 'xz -cd'
    mlr --prepipe cat
    mlr --prepipe-gunzip
    mlr --prepipe-zcat
  Note that this feature is quite general and is not limited to decompression
  utilities. You can use it to apply per-file filters of your choice.
  For output compression (or other) utilities, simply pipe the output:
    mlr ... | {your compression command}
  There are shorthands --prepipe-zcat and --prepipe-gunzip which are
  valid in .mlrrc files. The --prepipe flag is not valid in .mlrrc
  files since that would put execution of the prepipe command under 
  control of the .mlrrc file.

  --rs     --irs     --ors              Record separators, e.g. 'lf' or '\r\n'
  --fs     --ifs     --ofs  --repifs    Field separators, e.g. comma
  --ps     --ips     --ops              Pair separators, e.g. equals sign
  Notes about line endings:
  * Default line endings (--irs and --ors) are "auto" which means autodetect from
    the input file format, as long as the input file(s) have lines ending in either
    LF (also known as linefeed, '\n', 0x0a, Unix-style) or CRLF (also known as
    carriage-return/linefeed pairs, '\r\n', 0x0d 0x0a, Windows style).
  * If both irs and ors are auto (which is the default) then LF input will lead to LF
    output and CRLF input will lead to CRLF output, regardless of the platform you're
    running on.
  * The line-ending autodetector triggers on the first line ending detected in the input
    stream. E.g. if you specify a CRLF-terminated file on the command line followed by an
    LF-terminated file then autodetected line endings will be CRLF.
  * If you use --ors {something else} with (default or explicitly specified) --irs auto
    then line endings are autodetected on input and set to what you specify on output.
  * If you use --irs {something else} with (default or explicitly specified) --ors auto
    then the output line endings used are LF on Unix/Linux/BSD/MacOSX, and CRLF on Windows.
  Notes about all other separators:
  * IPS/OPS are only used for DKVP and XTAB formats, since only in these formats
    do key-value pairs appear juxtaposed.
  * IRS/ORS are ignored for XTAB format. Nominally IFS and OFS are newlines;
    XTAB records are separated by two or more consecutive IFS/OFS -- i.e.
    a blank line. Everything above about --irs/--ors/--rs auto becomes --ifs/--ofs/--fs
    auto for XTAB format. (XTAB's default IFS/OFS are "auto".)
  * OFS must be single-character for PPRINT format. This is because it is used
    with repetition for alignment; multi-character separators would make
    alignment impossible.
  * OPS may be multi-character for XTAB format, in which case alignment is
    disabled.
  * TSV is simply CSV using tab as field separator ("--fs tab").
  * FS/PS are ignored for markdown format; RS is used.
  * All FS and PS options are ignored for JSON format, since they are not relevant
    to the JSON format.
  * You can specify separators in any of the following ways, shown by example:
    - Type them out, quoting as necessary for shell escapes, e.g.
      "--fs '|' --ips :"
    - C-style escape sequences, e.g. "--rs '\r\n' --fs '\t'".
    - To avoid backslashing, you can use any of the following names:
      cr crcr newline lf lflf crlf crlfcrlf tab space comma pipe slash colon semicolon equals
  * Default separators by format:
      File format  RS       FS       PS
      gen          N/A      (N/A)    (N/A)
      dkvp         auto     ,        =
      json         auto     (N/A)    (N/A)
      nidx         auto     space    (N/A)
      csv          auto     ,        (N/A)
      csvlite      auto     ,        (N/A)
      markdown     auto     (N/A)    (N/A)
      pprint       auto     space    (N/A)
      xtab         (N/A)    auto     space

  --implicit-csv-header Use 1,2,3,... as field labels, rather than from line 1
                     of input files. Tip: combine with "label" to recreate
                     missing headers.
  --allow-ragged-csv-input|--ragged If a data line has fewer fields than the header line,
                     fill remaining keys with empty string. If a data line has more
                     fields than the header line, use integer field labels as in
                     the implicit-header case.
  --headerless-csv-output   Print only CSV data lines.
  -N                 Keystroke-saver for --implicit-csv-header --headerless-csv-output.

  --quote-all        Wrap all fields in double quotes
  --quote-none       Do not wrap any fields in double quotes, even if they have
                     OFS or ORS in them
  --quote-minimal    Wrap fields in double quotes only if they have OFS or ORS
                     in them (default)
  --quote-numeric    Wrap fields in double quotes only if they have numbers
                     in them
  --quote-original   Wrap fields in double quotes if and only if they were
                     quoted on input. This isn't sticky for computed fields:
                     e.g. if fields a and b were quoted on input and you do
                     "put '$c = $a . $b'" then field c won't inherit a or b's
                     was-quoted-on-input flag.

  --ofmt {format}    E.g. %.18lf, %.0lf. Please use sprintf-style codes for
                     double-precision. Applies to verbs which compute new
                     values, e.g. put, stats1, stats2. See also the fmtnum
                     function within mlr put (mlr --help-all-functions).
                     Defaults to %lf.

  --seed {n} with n of the form 12345678 or 0xcafefeed. For put/filter
                     urand()/urandint()/urand32().
  --nr-progress-mod {m}, with m a positive integer: print filename and record
                     count to stderr every m input records.
  --from {filename}  Use this to specify an input file before the verb(s),
                     rather than after. May be used more than once. Example:
                     "mlr --from a.dat --from b.dat cat" is the same as
                     "mlr cat a.dat b.dat".
  -n                 Process no input files, nor standard input either. Useful
                     for mlr put with begin/end statements only. (Same as --from
                     /dev/null.) Also useful in "mlr -n put -v '...'" for
                     analyzing abstract syntax trees (if that's your thing).
  -I                 Process files in-place. For each file name on the command
                     line, output is written to a temp file in the same
                     directory, which is then renamed over the original. Each
                     file is processed in isolation: if the output format is
                     CSV, CSV headers will be present in each output file;
                     statistics are only over each file's own records; and so on.

Output of one verb may be chained as input to another using "then", e.g.
  mlr stats1 -a min,mean,max -f flag,u,v -g color then sort -f color

Miller has a few otherwise-standalone executables packaged within it.
They do not participate in any other parts of Miller.
Available subcommands:
  aux-list
  lecat
  termcvt
  hex
  unhex
  netbsd-strptime
For more information, please invoke mlr {subcommand} --help

Usage: mlr altkv [no options]
Given fields with values of the form a,b,c,d,e,f emits a=b,c=d,e=f pairs.

Usage: mlr bar [options]
Replaces a numeric field with a number of asterisks, allowing for cheesy
bar plots. These align best with --opprint or --oxtab output format.
Options:
-f   {a,b,c}      Field names to convert to bars.
-c   {character}  Fill character: default '*'.
-x   {character}  Out-of-bounds character: default '#'.
-b   {character}  Blank character: default '.'.
--lo {lo}         Lower-limit value for min-width bar: default '0.000000'.
--hi {hi}         Upper-limit value for max-width bar: default '100.000000'.
-w   {n}          Bar-field width: default '40'.
--auto            Automatically computes limits, ignoring --lo and --hi.
                  Holds all records in memory before producing any output.

Usage: mlr bootstrap [options]
Emits an n-sample, with replacement, of the input records.
Options:
-n {number} Number of samples to output. Defaults to number of input records.
            Must be non-negative.
See also mlr sample and mlr shuffle.

Usage: mlr cat [options]
Passes input records directly to output. Most useful for format conversion.
Options:
-n        Prepend field "n" to each record with record-counter starting at 1
-g {comma-separated field name(s)} When used with -n/-N, writes record-counters
          keyed by specified field name(s).
-v        Write a low-level record-structure dump to stderr.
-N {name} Prepend field {name} to each record with record-counter starting at 1

Usage: mlr check
Consumes records without printing any output.
Useful for doing a well-formatted check on input data.

Usage: mlr clean-whitespace [options]
For each record, for each field in the record, whitespace-cleans the keys and
values. Whitespace-cleaning entails stripping leading and trailing whitespace,
and replacing multiple whitespace with singles. For finer-grained control,
please see the DSL functions lstrip, rstrip, strip, collapse_whitespace,
and clean_whitespace.
Options:
-k|--keys-only    Do not touch values.
-v|--values-only  Do not touch keys.
It is an error to specify -k as well as -v -- to clean keys and values,
leave off -k as well as -v.

Usage: mlr count [options]
Prints number of records, optionally grouped by distinct values for specified field names.
Options:
-g {a,b,c}    Field names for distinct count.
-n            Show only the number of distinct values. Not interesting without -g.
-o {name}     Field name for output count. Default "count".

Usage: mlr count-distinct [options]
Prints number of records having distinct values for specified field names.
Same as uniq -c.
Options:
-f {a,b,c}    Field names for distinct count.
-n            Show only the number of distinct values. Not compatible with -u.
-o {name}     Field name for output count. Default "count".
              Ignored with -u.
-u            Do unlashed counts for multiple field names. With -f a,b and
              without -u, computes counts for distinct combinations of a
              and b field values. With -f a,b and with -u, computes counts
              for distinct a field values and counts for distinct b field
              values separately.

Usage: mlr count-similar [options]
Ingests all records, then emits each record augmented by a count of 
the number of other records having the same group-by field values.
Options:
-g {d,e,f} Group-by-field names for counts.
-o {name}  Field name for output count. Default "count".

Usage: mlr cut [options]
Passes through input records with specified fields included/excluded.
-f {a,b,c}       Field names to include for cut.
-o               Retain fields in the order specified here in the argument list.
                 Default is to retain them in the order found in the input data.
-x|--complement  Exclude, rather than include, field names specified by -f.
-r               Treat field names as regular expressions. "ab", "a.*b" will
                 match any field name containing the substring "ab" or matching
                 "a.*b", respectively; anchors of the form "^ab$", "^a.*b$" may
                 be used. The -o flag is ignored when -r is present.
Examples:
  mlr cut -f hostname,status
  mlr cut -x -f hostname,status
  mlr cut -r -f '^status$,sda[0-9]'
  mlr cut -r -f '^status$,"sda[0-9]"'
  mlr cut -r -f '^status$,"sda[0-9]"i' (this is case-insensitive)

Usage: mlr decimate [options]
-n {count}    Decimation factor; default 10
-b            Decimate by printing first of every n.
-e            Decimate by printing last of every n (default).
-g {a,b,c}    Optional group-by-field names for decimate counts
Passes through one of every n records, optionally by category.

Usage: mlr fill-down [options]
-f {a,b,c}          Field names for fill-down
-a|--only-if-absent Field names for fill-down
If a given record has a missing value for a given field, fill that from
the corresponding value from a previous record, if any.
By default, a 'missing' field either is absent, or has the empty-string value.
With -a, a field is 'missing' only if it is absent.

Usage: mlr filter [options] {expression}
Prints records for which {expression} evaluates to true.
If there are multiple semicolon-delimited expressions, all of them are
evaluated and the last one is used as the filter criterion.
Conversion options:
-S: Keeps field values as strings with no type inference to int or float.
-F: Keeps field values as strings or floats with no inference to int.
All field values are type-inferred to int/float/string unless this behavior is
suppressed with -S or -F.
Output/formatting options:
--oflatsep {string}: Separator to use when flattening multi-level @-variables
    to output records for emit. Default ":".
--jknquoteint: For dump output (JSON-formatted), do not quote map keys if non-string.
--jvquoteall: For dump output (JSON-formatted), quote map values even if non-string.
Any of the output-format command-line flags (see mlr -h). Example: using
  mlr --icsv --opprint ... then put --ojson 'tee > "mytap-".$a.".dat", $*' then ...
the input is CSV, the output is pretty-print tabular, but the tee-file output
is written in JSON format.
--no-fflush: for emit, tee, print, and dump, don't call fflush() after every
    record.
Expression-specification options:
-f {filename}: the DSL expression is taken from the specified file rather
    than from the command line. Outer single quotes wrapping the expression
    should not be placed in the file. If -f is specified more than once,
    all input files specified using -f are concatenated to produce the expression.
    (For example, you can define functions in one file and call them from another.)
-e {expression}: You can use this after -f to add an expression. Example use
    case: define functions/subroutines in a file you specify with -f, then call
    them with an expression you specify with -e.
(If you mix -e and -f then the expressions are evaluated in the order encountered.
Since the expression pieces are simply concatenated, please be sure to use intervening
semicolons to separate expressions.)
-s name=value: Predefines out-of-stream variable @name to have value "value".
    Thus mlr filter put -s foo=97 '$column += @foo' is like
    mlr filter put 'begin {@foo = 97} $column += @foo'.
    The value part is subject to type-inferencing as specified by -S/-F.
    May be specified more than once, e.g. -s name1=value1 -s name2=value2.
    Note: the value may be an environment variable, e.g. -s sequence=$SEQUENCE
Tracing options:
-v: Prints the expressions's AST (abstract syntax tree), which gives
    full transparency on the precedence and associativity rules of
    Miller's grammar, to stdout.
-a: Prints a low-level stack-allocation trace to stdout.
-t: Prints a low-level parser trace to stderr.
-T: Prints a every statement to stderr as it is executed.
Other options:
-x: Prints records for which {expression} evaluates to false.
Please use a dollar sign for field names and double-quotes for string
literals. If field names have special characters such as "." then you might
use braces, e.g. '${field.name}'. Miller built-in variables are
NF NR FNR FILENUM FILENAME M_PI M_E, and ENV["namegoeshere"] to access environment
variables. The environment-variable name may be an expression, e.g. a field
value.
Use # to comment to end of line.
Examples:
  mlr filter 'log10($count) > 4.0'
  mlr filter 'FNR == 2'         (second record in each file)
  mlr filter 'urand() < 0.001'  (subsampling)
  mlr filter '$color != "blue" && $value > 4.2'
  mlr filter '($x<.5 && $y<.5) || ($x>.5 && $y>.5)'
  mlr filter '($name =~ "^sys.*east$") || ($name =~ "^dev.[0-9]+"i)'
  mlr filter '$ab = $a+$b; $cd = $c+$d; $ab != $cd'
  mlr filter '
    NR == 1 ||
   #NR == 2 ||
    NR == 3
  '
Please see https://miller.readthedocs.io/en/latest/reference.html for more information
including function list. Or "mlr -f". Please also see "mlr grep" which is
useful when you don't yet know which field name(s) you're looking for.
Please see in particular:
  http://www.johnkerl.org/miller/doc/reference-verbs.html#filter

Usage: mlr format-values [options]
Applies format strings to all field values, depending on autodetected type.
* If a field value is detected to be integer, applies integer format.
* Else, if a field value is detected to be float, applies float format.
* Else, applies string format.
Note: this is a low-keystroke way to apply formatting to many fields. To get
finer control, please see the fmtnum function within the mlr put DSL.
Note: this verb lets you apply arbitrary format strings, which can produce
undefined behavior and/or program crashes.  See your system's "man printf".
Options:
-i {integer format} Defaults to "%lld".
                    Examples: "%06lld", "%08llx".
                    Note that Miller integers are long long so you must use
                    formats which apply to long long, e.g. with ll in them.
                    Undefined behavior results otherwise.
-f {float format}   Defaults to "%lf".
                    Examples: "%8.3lf", "%.6le".
                    Note that Miller floats are double-precision so you must
                    use formats which apply to double, e.g. with l[efg] in them.
                    Undefined behavior results otherwise.
-s {string format}  Defaults to "%s".
                    Examples: "_%s", "%08s".
                    Note that you must use formats which apply to string, e.g.
                    with s in them. Undefined behavior results otherwise.
-n                  Coerce field values autodetected as int to float, and then
                    apply the float format.

Usage: mlr fraction [options]
For each record's value in specified fields, computes the ratio of that
value to the sum of values in that field over all input records.
E.g. with input records  x=1  x=2  x=3  and  x=4, emits output records
x=1,x_fraction=0.1  x=2,x_fraction=0.2  x=3,x_fraction=0.3  and  x=4,x_fraction=0.4
Note: this is internally a two-pass algorithm: on the first pass it retains
input records and accumulates sums; on the second pass it computes quotients
and emits output records. This means it produces no output until all input is read.
Options:
-f {a,b,c}    Field name(s) for fraction calculation
-g {d,e,f}    Optional group-by-field name(s) for fraction counts
-p            Produce percents [0..100], not fractions [0..1]. Output field names
              end with "_percent" rather than "_fraction"
-c            Produce cumulative distributions, i.e. running sums: each output
              value folds in the sum of the previous for the specified group
              E.g. with input records  x=1  x=2  x=3  and  x=4, emits output records
              x=1,x_cumulative_fraction=0.1  x=2,x_cumulative_fraction=0.3
              x=3,x_cumulative_fraction=0.6  and  x=4,x_cumulative_fraction=1.0

Usage: mlr grep [options] {regular expression}
Passes through records which match {regex}.
Options:
-i    Use case-insensitive search.
-v    Invert: pass through records which do not match the regex.
Note that "mlr filter" is more powerful, but requires you to know field names.
By contrast, "mlr grep" allows you to regex-match the entire record. It does
this by formatting each record in memory as DKVP, using command-line-specified
ORS/OFS/OPS, and matching the resulting line against the regex specified
here. In particular, the regex is not applied to the input stream: if you
have CSV with header line "x,y,z" and data line "1,2,3" then the regex will
be matched, not against either of these lines, but against the DKVP line
"x=1,y=2,z=3".  Furthermore, not all the options to system grep are supported,
and this command is intended to be merely a keystroke-saver. To get all the
features of system grep, you can do
  "mlr --odkvp ... | grep ... | mlr --idkvp ..."

Usage: mlr group-by {comma-separated field names}
Outputs records in batches having identical values at specified field names.

Usage: mlr group-like
Outputs records in batches having identical field names.

Usage: mlr having-fields [options]
Conditionally passes through records depending on each record's field names.
Options:
  --at-least      {comma-separated names}
  --which-are     {comma-separated names}
  --at-most       {comma-separated names}
  --all-matching  {regular expression}
  --any-matching  {regular expression}
  --none-matching {regular expression}
Examples:
  mlr having-fields --which-are amount,status,owner
  mlr having-fields --any-matching 'sda[0-9]'
  mlr having-fields --any-matching '"sda[0-9]"'
  mlr having-fields --any-matching '"sda[0-9]"i' (this is case-insensitive)

Usage: mlr head [options]
-n {count}    Head count to print; default 10
-g {a,b,c}    Optional group-by-field names for head counts
Passes through the first n records, optionally by category.
Without -g, ceases consuming more input (i.e. is fast) when n
records have been read.

Usage: mlr histogram [options]
-f {a,b,c}    Value-field names for histogram counts
--lo {lo}     Histogram low value
--hi {hi}     Histogram high value
--nbins {n}   Number of histogram bins
--auto        Automatically computes limits, ignoring --lo and --hi.
              Holds all values in memory before producing any output.
-o {prefix}   Prefix for output field name. Default: no prefix.
Just a histogram. Input values < lo or > hi are not counted.

Usage: mlr join [options]
Joins records from specified left file name with records from all file names
at the end of the Miller argument list.
Functionality is essentially the same as the system "join" command, but for
record streams.
Options:
  -f {left file name}
  -j {a,b,c}   Comma-separated join-field names for output
  -l {a,b,c}   Comma-separated join-field names for left input file;
               defaults to -j values if omitted.
  -r {a,b,c}   Comma-separated join-field names for right input file(s);
               defaults to -j values if omitted.
  --lp {text}  Additional prefix for non-join output field names from
               the left file
  --rp {text}  Additional prefix for non-join output field names from
               the right file(s)
  --np         Do not emit paired records
  --ul         Emit unpaired records from the left file
  --ur         Emit unpaired records from the right file(s)
  -s|--sorted-input  Require sorted input: records must be sorted
               lexically by their join-field names, else not all records will
               be paired. The only likely use case for this is with a left
               file which is too big to fit into system memory otherwise.
  -u           Enable unsorted input. (This is the default even without -u.)
               In this case, the entire left file will be loaded into memory.
  --prepipe {command} As in main input options; see mlr --help for details.
               If you wish to use a prepipe command for the main input as well
               as here, it must be specified there as well as here.
File-format options default to those for the right file names on the Miller
argument list, but may be overridden for the left file as follows. Please see
the main "mlr --help" for more information on syntax for these arguments.
  -i {one of csv,dkvp,nidx,pprint,xtab}
  --irs {record-separator character}
  --ifs {field-separator character}
  --ips {pair-separator character}
  --repifs
  --repips
Please use "mlr --usage-separator-options" for information on specifying separators.
Please see https://miller.readthedocs.io/en/latest/reference-verbs.html#join for more information
including examples.

Usage: mlr label {new1,new2,new3,...}
Given n comma-separated names, renames the first n fields of each record to
have the respective name. (Fields past the nth are left with their original
names.) Particularly useful with --inidx or --implicit-csv-header, to give
useful names to otherwise integer-indexed fields.
Examples:
  "echo 'a b c d' | mlr --inidx --odkvp cat"       gives "1=a,2=b,3=c,4=d"
  "echo 'a b c d' | mlr --inidx --odkvp label s,t" gives "s=a,t=b,3=c,4=d"

Usage: mlr least-frequent [options]
Shows the least frequently occurring distinct values for specified field names.
The first entry is the statistical anti-mode; the remaining are runners-up.
Options:
-f {one or more comma-separated field names}. Required flag.
-n {count}. Optional flag defaulting to 10.
-b          Suppress counts; show only field values.
-o {name}   Field name for output count. Default "count".
See also "mlr most-frequent".

Usage: mlr merge-fields [options]
Computes univariate statistics for each input record, accumulated across
specified fields.
Options:
-a {sum,count,...}  Names of accumulators. One or more of:
  count     Count instances of fields
  mode      Find most-frequently-occurring values for fields; first-found wins tie
  antimode  Find least-frequently-occurring values for fields; first-found wins tie
  sum       Compute sums of specified fields
  mean      Compute averages (sample means) of specified fields
  stddev    Compute sample standard deviation of specified fields
  var       Compute sample variance of specified fields
  meaneb    Estimate error bars for averages (assuming no sample autocorrelation)
  skewness  Compute sample skewness of specified fields
  kurtosis  Compute sample kurtosis of specified fields
  min       Compute minimum values of specified fields
  max       Compute maximum values of specified fields
-f {a,b,c}  Value-field names on which to compute statistics. Requires -o.
-r {a,b,c}  Regular expressions for value-field names on which to compute
            statistics. Requires -o.
-c {a,b,c}  Substrings for collapse mode. All fields which have the same names
            after removing substrings will be accumulated together. Please see
            examples below.
-i          Use interpolated percentiles, like R's type=7; default like type=1.
            Not sensical for string-valued fields.
-o {name}   Output field basename for -f/-r.
-k          Keep the input fields which contributed to the output statistics;
            the default is to omit them.
-F          Computes integerable things (e.g. count) in floating point.
String-valued data make sense unless arithmetic on them is required,
e.g. for sum, mean, interpolated percentiles, etc. In case of mixed data,
numbers are less than strings.
Example input data: "a_in_x=1,a_out_x=2,b_in_y=4,b_out_x=8".
Example: mlr merge-fields -a sum,count -f a_in_x,a_out_x -o foo
  produces "b_in_y=4,b_out_x=8,foo_sum=3,foo_count=2" since "a_in_x,a_out_x" are
  summed over.
Example: mlr merge-fields -a sum,count -r in_,out_ -o bar
  produces "bar_sum=15,bar_count=4" since all four fields are summed over.
Example: mlr merge-fields -a sum,count -c in_,out_
  produces "a_x_sum=3,a_x_count=2,b_y_sum=4,b_y_count=1,b_x_sum=8,b_x_count=1"
  since "a_in_x" and "a_out_x" both collapse to "a_x", "b_in_y" collapses to
  "b_y", and "b_out_x" collapses to "b_x".

Usage: mlr most-frequent [options]
Shows the most frequently occurring distinct values for specified field names.
The first entry is the statistical mode; the remaining are runners-up.
Options:
-f {one or more comma-separated field names}. Required flag.
-n {count}. Optional flag defaulting to 10.
-b          Suppress counts; show only field values.
-o {name}   Field name for output count. Default "count".
See also "mlr least-frequent".

Usage: mlr nest [options]
Explodes specified field values into separate fields/records, or reverses this.
Options:
  --explode,--implode   One is required.
  --values,--pairs      One is required.
  --across-records,--across-fields One is required.
  -f {field name}       Required.
  --nested-fs {string}  Defaults to ";". Field separator for nested values.
  --nested-ps {string}  Defaults to ":". Pair separator for nested key-value pairs.
  --evar {string}       Shorthand for --explode --values ---across-records --nested-fs {string}
  --ivar {string}       Shorthand for --implode --values ---across-records --nested-fs {string}
Please use "mlr --usage-separator-options" for information on specifying separators.
Examples:
  mlr nest --explode --values --across-records -f x
  with input record "x=a;b;c,y=d" produces output records
    "x=a,y=d"
    "x=b,y=d"
    "x=c,y=d"
  Use --implode to do the reverse.
  mlr nest --explode --values --across-fields -f x
  with input record "x=a;b;c,y=d" produces output records
    "x_1=a,x_2=b,x_3=c,y=d"
  Use --implode to do the reverse.
  mlr nest --explode --pairs --across-records -f x
  with input record "x=a:1;b:2;c:3,y=d" produces output records
    "a=1,y=d"
    "b=2,y=d"
    "c=3,y=d"
  mlr nest --explode --pairs --across-fields -f x
  with input record "x=a:1;b:2;c:3,y=d" produces output records
    "a=1,b=2,c=3,y=d"
Notes:
* With --pairs, --implode doesn't make sense since the original field name has
  been lost.
* The combination "--implode --values --across-records" is non-streaming:
  no output records are produced until all input records have been read. In
  particular, this means it won't work in tail -f contexts. But all other flag
  combinations result in streaming (tail -f friendly) data processing.
* It's up to you to ensure that the nested-fs is distinct from your data's IFS:
  e.g. by default the former is semicolon and the latter is comma.
See also mlr reshape.

Usage: mlr nothing
Drops all input records. Useful for testing, or after tee/print/etc. have
produced other output.

Usage: mlr put [options] {expression}
Adds/updates specified field(s). Expressions are semicolon-separated and must
either be assignments, or evaluate to boolean.  Booleans with following
statements in curly braces control whether those statements are executed;
booleans without following curly braces do nothing except side effects (e.g.
regex-captures into \1, \2, etc.).
Conversion options:
-S: Keeps field values as strings with no type inference to int or float.
-F: Keeps field values as strings or floats with no inference to int.
All field values are type-inferred to int/float/string unless this behavior is
suppressed with -S or -F.
Output/formatting options:
--oflatsep {string}: Separator to use when flattening multi-level @-variables
    to output records for emit. Default ":".
--jknquoteint: For dump output (JSON-formatted), do not quote map keys if non-string.
--jvquoteall: For dump output (JSON-formatted), quote map values even if non-string.
Any of the output-format command-line flags (see mlr -h). Example: using
  mlr --icsv --opprint ... then put --ojson 'tee > "mytap-".$a.".dat", $*' then ...
the input is CSV, the output is pretty-print tabular, but the tee-file output
is written in JSON format.
--no-fflush: for emit, tee, print, and dump, don't call fflush() after every
    record.
Expression-specification options:
-f {filename}: the DSL expression is taken from the specified file rather
    than from the command line. Outer single quotes wrapping the expression
    should not be placed in the file. If -f is specified more than once,
    all input files specified using -f are concatenated to produce the expression.
    (For example, you can define functions in one file and call them from another.)
-e {expression}: You can use this after -f to add an expression. Example use
    case: define functions/subroutines in a file you specify with -f, then call
    them with an expression you specify with -e.
(If you mix -e and -f then the expressions are evaluated in the order encountered.
Since the expression pieces are simply concatenated, please be sure to use intervening
semicolons to separate expressions.)
-s name=value: Predefines out-of-stream variable @name to have value "value".
    Thus mlr put put -s foo=97 '$column += @foo' is like
    mlr put put 'begin {@foo = 97} $column += @foo'.
    The value part is subject to type-inferencing as specified by -S/-F.
    May be specified more than once, e.g. -s name1=value1 -s name2=value2.
    Note: the value may be an environment variable, e.g. -s sequence=$SEQUENCE
Tracing options:
-v: Prints the expressions's AST (abstract syntax tree), which gives
    full transparency on the precedence and associativity rules of
    Miller's grammar, to stdout.
-a: Prints a low-level stack-allocation trace to stdout.
-t: Prints a low-level parser trace to stderr.
-T: Prints a every statement to stderr as it is executed.
Other options:
-q: Does not include the modified record in the output stream. Useful for when
    all desired output is in begin and/or end blocks.
Please use a dollar sign for field names and double-quotes for string
literals. If field names have special characters such as "." then you might
use braces, e.g. '${field.name}'. Miller built-in variables are
NF NR FNR FILENUM FILENAME M_PI M_E, and ENV["namegoeshere"] to access environment
variables. The environment-variable name may be an expression, e.g. a field
value.
Use # to comment to end of line.
Examples:
  mlr put '$y = log10($x); $z = sqrt($y)'
  mlr put '$x>0.0 { $y=log10($x); $z=sqrt($y) }' # does {...} only if $x > 0.0
  mlr put '$x>0.0;  $y=log10($x); $z=sqrt($y)'   # does all three statements
  mlr put '$a =~ "([a-z]+)_([0-9]+);  $b = "left_\1"; $c = "right_\2"'
  mlr put '$a =~ "([a-z]+)_([0-9]+) { $b = "left_\1"; $c = "right_\2" }'
  mlr put '$filename = FILENAME'
  mlr put '$colored_shape = $color . "_" . $shape'
  mlr put '$y = cos($theta); $z = atan2($y, $x)'
  mlr put '$name = sub($name, "http.*com"i, "")'
  mlr put -q '@sum += $x; end {emit @sum}'
  mlr put -q '@sum[$a] += $x; end {emit @sum, "a"}'
  mlr put -q '@sum[$a][$b] += $x; end {emit @sum, "a", "b"}'
  mlr put -q '@min=min(@min,$x);@max=max(@max,$x); end{emitf @min, @max}'
  mlr put -q 'is_null(@xmax) || $x > @xmax {@xmax=$x; @recmax=$*}; end {emit @recmax}'
  mlr put '
    $x = 1;
   #$y = 2;
    $z = 3
  '
Please see also 'mlr -k' for examples using redirected output.
Please see https://miller.readthedocs.io/en/latest/reference.html for more information
including function list. Or "mlr -f".
Please see in particular:
  http://www.johnkerl.org/miller/doc/reference-verbs.html#put

Usage: mlr regularize
For records seen earlier in the data stream with same field names in
a different order, outputs them with field names in the previously
encountered order.
Example: input records a=1,c=2,b=3, then e=4,d=5, then c=7,a=6,b=8
output as              a=1,c=2,b=3, then e=4,d=5, then a=6,c=7,b=8

Usage: mlr remove-empty-columns
Omits fields which are empty on every input row. Non-streaming.

Usage: mlr rename [options] {old1,new1,old2,new2,...}
Renames specified fields.
Options:
-r         Treat old field  names as regular expressions. "ab", "a.*b"
           will match any field name containing the substring "ab" or
           matching "a.*b", respectively; anchors of the form "^ab$",
           "^a.*b$" may be used. New field names may be plain strings,
           or may contain capture groups of the form "\1" through
           "\9". Wrapping the regex in double quotes is optional, but
           is required if you wish to follow it with 'i' to indicate
           case-insensitivity.
-g         Do global replacement within each field name rather than
           first-match replacement.
Examples:
mlr rename old_name,new_name'
mlr rename old_name_1,new_name_1,old_name_2,new_name_2'
mlr rename -r 'Date_[0-9]+,Date,'  Rename all such fields to be "Date"
mlr rename -r '"Date_[0-9]+",Date' Same
mlr rename -r 'Date_([0-9]+).*,\1' Rename all such fields to be of the form 20151015
mlr rename -r '"name"i,Name'       Rename "name", "Name", "NAME", etc. to "Name"

Usage: mlr reorder [options]
-f {a,b,c}   Field names to reorder.
-e           Put specified field names at record end: default is to put
             them at record start.
Examples:
mlr reorder    -f a,b sends input record "d=4,b=2,a=1,c=3" to "a=1,b=2,d=4,c=3".
mlr reorder -e -f a,b sends input record "d=4,b=2,a=1,c=3" to "d=4,c=3,a=1,b=2".

Usage: mlr repeat [options]
Copies input records to output records multiple times.
Options must be exactly one of the following:
  -n {repeat count}  Repeat each input record this many times.
  -f {field name}    Same, but take the repeat count from the specified
                     field name of each input record.
Example:
  echo x=0 | mlr repeat -n 4 then put '$x=urand()'
produces:
 x=0.488189
 x=0.484973
 x=0.704983
 x=0.147311
Example:
  echo a=1,b=2,c=3 | mlr repeat -f b
produces:
  a=1,b=2,c=3
  a=1,b=2,c=3
Example:
  echo a=1,b=2,c=3 | mlr repeat -f c
produces:
  a=1,b=2,c=3
  a=1,b=2,c=3
  a=1,b=2,c=3

Usage: mlr reshape [options]
Wide-to-long options:
  -i {input field names}   -o {key-field name,value-field name}
  -r {input field regexes} -o {key-field name,value-field name}
  These pivot/reshape the input data such that the input fields are removed
  and separate records are emitted for each key/value pair.
  Note: this works with tail -f and produces output records for each input
  record seen.
Long-to-wide options:
  -s {key-field name,value-field name}
  These pivot/reshape the input data to undo the wide-to-long operation.
  Note: this does not work with tail -f; it produces output records only after
  all input records have been read.
Examples:
  Input file "wide.txt":
    time       X           Y
    2009-01-01 0.65473572  2.4520609
    2009-01-02 -0.89248112 0.2154713
    2009-01-03 0.98012375  1.3179287
  mlr --pprint reshape -i X,Y -o item,value wide.txt
    time       item value
    2009-01-01 X    0.65473572
    2009-01-01 Y    2.4520609
    2009-01-02 X    -0.89248112
    2009-01-02 Y    0.2154713
    2009-01-03 X    0.98012375
    2009-01-03 Y    1.3179287
  mlr --pprint reshape -r '[A-Z]' -o item,value wide.txt
    time       item value
    2009-01-01 X    0.65473572
    2009-01-01 Y    2.4520609
    2009-01-02 X    -0.89248112
    2009-01-02 Y    0.2154713
    2009-01-03 X    0.98012375
    2009-01-03 Y    1.3179287
  Input file "long.txt":
    time       item value
    2009-01-01 X    0.65473572
    2009-01-01 Y    2.4520609
    2009-01-02 X    -0.89248112
    2009-01-02 Y    0.2154713
    2009-01-03 X    0.98012375
    2009-01-03 Y    1.3179287
  mlr --pprint reshape -s item,value long.txt
    time       X           Y
    2009-01-01 0.65473572  2.4520609
    2009-01-02 -0.89248112 0.2154713
    2009-01-03 0.98012375  1.3179287
See also mlr nest.

Usage: mlr sample [options]
Reservoir sampling (subsampling without replacement), optionally by category.
-k {count}    Required: number of records to output, total, or by group if using -g.
-g {a,b,c}    Optional: group-by-field names for samples.
See also mlr bootstrap and mlr shuffle.

Usage: mlr sec2gmt [options] {comma-separated list of field names}
Replaces a numeric field representing seconds since the epoch with the
corresponding GMT timestamp; leaves non-numbers as-is. This is nothing
more than a keystroke-saver for the sec2gmt function:
  mlr sec2gmt time1,time2
is the same as
  mlr put '$time1=sec2gmt($time1);$time2=sec2gmt($time2)'
Options:
-1 through -9: format the seconds using 1..9 decimal places, respectively.

Usage: mlr sec2gmtdate {comma-separated list of field names}
Replaces a numeric field representing seconds since the epoch with the
corresponding GMT year-month-day timestamp; leaves non-numbers as-is.
This is nothing more than a keystroke-saver for the sec2gmtdate function:
  mlr sec2gmtdate time1,time2
is the same as
  mlr put '$time1=sec2gmtdate($time1);$time2=sec2gmtdate($time2)'

Usage: mlr seqgen [options]
Produces a sequence of counters.  Discards the input record stream. Produces
output as specified by the following options:
-f {name} Field name for counters; default "i".
--start {number} Inclusive start value; default "1".
--stop  {number} Inclusive stop value; default "100".
--step  {number} Step value; default "1".
Start, stop, and/or step may be floating-point. Output is integer if start,
stop, and step are all integers. Step may be negative. It may not be zero
unless start == stop.

Usage: mlr shuffle {no options}
Outputs records randomly permuted. No output records are produced until
all input records are read.
See also mlr bootstrap and mlr sample.

Usage: mlr skip-trivial-records [options]
Passes through all records except:
* those with zero fields;
* those for which all fields have empty value.

Usage: mlr sort {flags}
Flags:
  -f  {comma-separated field names}  Lexical ascending
  -n  {comma-separated field names}  Numerical ascending; nulls sort last
  -nf {comma-separated field names}  Same as -n
  -r  {comma-separated field names}  Lexical descending
  -nr {comma-separated field names}  Numerical descending; nulls sort first
Sorts records primarily by the first specified field, secondarily by the second
field, and so on.  (Any records not having all specified sort keys will appear
at the end of the output, in the order they were encountered, regardless of the
specified sort order.) The sort is stable: records that compare equal will sort
in the order they were encountered in the input record stream.
Example:
  mlr sort -f a,b -nr x,y,z
which is the same as:
  mlr sort -f a -f b -nr x -nr y -nr z

Usage: mlr sort-within-records [no options]
Outputs records sorted lexically ascending by keys.

Usage: mlr stats1 [options]
Computes univariate statistics for one or more given fields, accumulated across
the input record stream.
Options:
-a {sum,count,...}  Names of accumulators: p10 p25.2 p50 p98 p100 etc. and/or
                    one or more of:
   count     Count instances of fields
   mode      Find most-frequently-occurring values for fields; first-found wins tie
   antimode  Find least-frequently-occurring values for fields; first-found wins tie
   sum       Compute sums of specified fields
   mean      Compute averages (sample means) of specified fields
   stddev    Compute sample standard deviation of specified fields
   var       Compute sample variance of specified fields
   meaneb    Estimate error bars for averages (assuming no sample autocorrelation)
   skewness  Compute sample skewness of specified fields
   kurtosis  Compute sample kurtosis of specified fields
   min       Compute minimum values of specified fields
   max       Compute maximum values of specified fields
-f {a,b,c}   Value-field names on which to compute statistics
--fr {regex} Regex for value-field names on which to compute statistics
             (compute statistics on values in all field names matching regex)
--fx {regex} Inverted regex for value-field names on which to compute statistics
             (compute statistics on values in all field names not matching regex)
-g {d,e,f}   Optional group-by-field names
--gr {regex} Regex for optional group-by-field names
             (group by values in field names matching regex)
--gx {regex} Inverted regex for optional group-by-field names
             (group by values in field names not matching regex)
--grfx {regex} Shorthand for --gr {regex} --fx {that same regex}
-i           Use interpolated percentiles, like R's type=7; default like type=1.
             Not sensical for string-valued fields.
-s           Print iterative stats. Useful in tail -f contexts (in which
             case please avoid pprint-format output since end of input
             stream will never be seen).
-F           Computes integerable things (e.g. count) in floating point.
Example: mlr stats1 -a min,p10,p50,p90,max -f value -g size,shape
Example: mlr stats1 -a count,mode -f size
Example: mlr stats1 -a count,mode -f size -g shape
Example: mlr stats1 -a count,mode --fr '^[a-h].*$' -gr '^k.*$'
         This computes count and mode statistics on all field names beginning
         with a through h, grouped by all field names starting with k.
Notes:
* p50 and median are synonymous.
* min and max output the same results as p0 and p100, respectively, but use
  less memory.
* String-valued data make sense unless arithmetic on them is required,
  e.g. for sum, mean, interpolated percentiles, etc. In case of mixed data,
  numbers are less than strings.
* count and mode allow text input; the rest require numeric input.
  In particular, 1 and 1.0 are distinct text for count and mode.
* When there are mode ties, the first-encountered datum wins.

Usage: mlr stats2 [options]
Computes bivariate statistics for one or more given field-name pairs,
accumulated across the input record stream.
-a {linreg-ols,corr,...}  Names of accumulators: one or more of:
  linreg-pca   Linear regression using principal component analysis
  linreg-ols   Linear regression using ordinary least squares
  r2           Quality metric for linreg-ols (linreg-pca emits its own)
  logireg      Logistic regression
  corr         Sample correlation
  cov          Sample covariance
  covx         Sample-covariance matrix
-f {a,b,c,d}   Value-field name-pairs on which to compute statistics.
               There must be an even number of names.
-g {e,f,g}     Optional group-by-field names.
-v             Print additional output for linreg-pca.
-s             Print iterative stats. Useful in tail -f contexts (in which
               case please avoid pprint-format output since end of input
               stream will never be seen).
--fit          Rather than printing regression parameters, applies them to
               the input data to compute new fit fields. All input records are
               held in memory until end of input stream. Has effect only for
               linreg-ols, linreg-pca, and logireg.
Only one of -s or --fit may be used.
Example: mlr stats2 -a linreg-pca -f x,y
Example: mlr stats2 -a linreg-ols,r2 -f x,y -g size,shape
Example: mlr stats2 -a corr -f x,y

Usage: mlr step [options]
Computes values dependent on the previous record, optionally grouped
by category.
Options:
-a {delta,rsum,...}   Names of steppers: comma-separated, one or more of:
  delta    Compute differences in field(s) between successive records
  shift    Include value(s) in field(s) from previous record, if any
  from-first Compute differences in field(s) from first record
  ratio    Compute ratios in field(s) between successive records
  rsum     Compute running sums of field(s) between successive records
  counter  Count instances of field(s) between successive records
  ewma     Exponentially weighted moving average over successive records
-f {a,b,c} Value-field names on which to compute statistics
-g {d,e,f} Optional group-by-field names
-F         Computes integerable things (e.g. counter) in floating point.
-d {x,y,z} Weights for ewma. 1 means current sample gets all weight (no
           smoothing), near under under 1 is light smoothing, near over 0 is
           heavy smoothing. Multiple weights may be specified, e.g.
           "mlr step -a ewma -f sys_load -d 0.01,0.1,0.9". Default if omitted
           is "-d 0.5".
-o {a,b,c} Custom suffixes for EWMA output fields. If omitted, these default to
           the -d values. If supplied, the number of -o values must be the same
           as the number of -d values.
Examples:
  mlr step -a rsum -f request_size
  mlr step -a delta -f request_size -g hostname
  mlr step -a ewma -d 0.1,0.9 -f x,y
  mlr step -a ewma -d 0.1,0.9 -o smooth,rough -f x,y
  mlr step -a ewma -d 0.1,0.9 -o smooth,rough -f x,y -g group_name
Please see https://miller.readthedocs.io/en/latest/reference-verbs.html#filter or
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_average#Exponential_moving_average
for more information on EWMA.

Usage: mlr tac
Prints records in reverse order from the order in which they were encountered.

Usage: mlr tail [options]
-n {count}    Tail count to print; default 10
-g {a,b,c}    Optional group-by-field names for tail counts
Passes through the last n records, optionally by category.

Usage: mlr tee [options] {filename}
Passes through input records (like mlr cat) but also writes to specified output
file, using output-format flags from the command line (e.g. --ocsv). See also
the "tee" keyword within mlr put, which allows data-dependent filenames.
Options:
-a:          append to existing file, if any, rather than overwriting.
--no-fflush: don't call fflush() after every record.
Any of the output-format command-line flags (see mlr -h). Example: using
  mlr --icsv --opprint put '...' then tee --ojson ./mytap.dat then stats1 ...
the input is CSV, the output is pretty-print tabular, but the tee-file output
is written in JSON format.

Usage: mlr top [options]
-f {a,b,c}    Value-field names for top counts.
-g {d,e,f}    Optional group-by-field names for top counts.
-n {count}    How many records to print per category; default 1.
-a            Print all fields for top-value records; default is
              to print only value and group-by fields. Requires a single
              value-field name only.
--min         Print top smallest values; default is top largest values.
-F            Keep top values as floats even if they look like integers.
-o {name}     Field name for output indices. Default "top_idx".
Prints the n records with smallest/largest values at specified fields,
optionally by category.

Usage: mlr uniq [options]
Prints distinct values for specified field names. With -c, same as
count-distinct. For uniq, -f is a synonym for -g.
Options:
-g {d,e,f}    Group-by-field names for uniq counts.
-c            Show repeat counts in addition to unique values.
-n            Show only the number of distinct values.
-o {name}     Field name for output count. Default "count".
-a            Output each unique record only once. Incompatible with -g.
              With -c, produces unique records, with repeat counts for each.
              With -n, produces only one record which is the unique-record count.
              With neither -c nor -n, produces unique records.

Usage: mlr unsparsify [options]
Prints records with the union of field names over all input records.
For field names absent in a given record but present in others, fills in a
value. Without -f, this verb retains all input before producing any output.
Options:
--fill-with {filler string}  What to fill absent fields with. Defaults to
                             the empty string.
-f {a,b,c} Specify field names to be operated on. Any other fields won't be
                             modified, and operation will be streaming.
Example: if the input is two records, one being 'a=1,b=2' and the other
being 'b=3,c=4', then the output is the two records 'a=1,b=2,c=' and
’a=,b=3,c=4'.

(class=arithmetic #args=2): Addition.
+ (class=arithmetic #args=1): Unary plus.

(class=arithmetic #args=2): Subtraction.
- (class=arithmetic #args=1): Unary minus.

(class=arithmetic #args=2): Multiplication.

(class=arithmetic #args=2): Division.

(class=arithmetic #args=2): Integer division: rounds to negative (pythonic).

(class=arithmetic #args=2): Addition, with integer-to-integer overflow
.+ (class=arithmetic #args=1): Unary plus, with integer-to-integer overflow.

(class=arithmetic #args=2): Subtraction, with integer-to-integer overflow.
.- (class=arithmetic #args=1): Unary minus, with integer-to-integer overflow.

(class=arithmetic #args=2): Multiplication, with integer-to-integer overflow.

(class=arithmetic #args=2): Division, with integer-to-integer overflow.

(class=arithmetic #args=2): Integer division: rounds to negative (pythonic), with integer-to-integer overflow.

(class=arithmetic #args=2): Remainder; never negative-valued (pythonic).

(class=arithmetic #args=2): Exponentiation; same as pow, but as an infix
operator.

(class=arithmetic #args=2): Bitwise OR.

(class=arithmetic #args=2): Bitwise XOR.

(class=arithmetic #args=2): Bitwise AND.

(class=arithmetic #args=1): Bitwise NOT. Beware '$y=~$x' since =~ is the
regex-match operator: try '$y = ~$x'.

(class=arithmetic #args=2): Bitwise left-shift.

(class=arithmetic #args=2): Bitwise right-shift.

(class=arithmetic #args=1): Count of 1-bits

(class=boolean #args=2): String/numeric equality. Mixing number and string
results in string compare.

(class=boolean #args=2): String/numeric inequality. Mixing number and string
results in string compare.

(class=boolean #args=2): String (left-hand side) matches regex (right-hand
side), e.g. '$name =~ "^a.*b$"'.

(class=boolean #args=2): String (left-hand side) does not match regex
(right-hand side), e.g. '$name !=~ "^a.*b$"'.

(class=boolean #args=2): String/numeric greater-than. Mixing number and string
results in string compare.

(class=boolean #args=2): String/numeric greater-than-or-equals. Mixing number
and string results in string compare.

(class=boolean #args=2): String/numeric less-than. Mixing number and string
results in string compare.

(class=boolean #args=2): String/numeric less-than-or-equals. Mixing number
and string results in string compare.

(class=boolean #args=2): Logical AND.

(class=boolean #args=2): Logical OR.

(class=boolean #args=2): Logical XOR.

(class=boolean #args=1): Logical negation.

(class=boolean #args=3): Ternary operator.

(class=string #args=2): String concatenation.

(class=string #args=3): Example: '$name=gsub($name, "old", "new")'
(replace all).

(class=string #args=2): Example: '$name=regextract($name, "[A-Z]{3}[0-9]{2}")'
.

(class=string #args=3): Example: '$name=regextract_or_else($name, "[A-Z]{3}[0-9]{2}", "default")'
.

(class=string #args=1): String length.

(class=string #args=3): Example: '$name=sub($name, "old", "new")'
(replace once).

(class=string #args=3): Like sub but does no regexing. No characters are special.

(class=string #args=3): substr(s,m,n) gives substring of s from 0-up position m to n 
inclusive. Negative indices -len .. -1 alias to 0 .. len-1.

(class=string #args=1): Convert string to lowercase.

(class=string #args=1): Convert string to uppercase.

(class=string #args=2): Truncates string first argument to max length of int second argument.

(class=string #args=1): Convert string's first character to uppercase.

(class=string #args=1): Strip leading whitespace from string.

(class=string #args=1): Strip trailing whitespace from string.

(class=string #args=1): Strip leading and trailing whitespace from string.

(class=string #args=1): Strip repeated whitespace from string.

(class=string #args=1): Same as collapse_whitespace and strip.

(class=string #args=1): Run command string, yielding its stdout minus final carriage return.

(class=math #args=1): Absolute value.

(class=math #args=1): Inverse trigonometric cosine.

(class=math #args=1): Inverse hyperbolic cosine.

(class=math #args=1): Inverse trigonometric sine.

(class=math #args=1): Inverse hyperbolic sine.

(class=math #args=1): One-argument arctangent.

(class=math #args=2): Two-argument arctangent.

(class=math #args=1): Inverse hyperbolic tangent.

(class=math #args=1): Cube root.

(class=math #args=1): Ceiling: nearest integer at or above.

(class=math #args=1): Trigonometric cosine.

(class=math #args=1): Hyperbolic cosine.

(class=math #args=1): Error function.

(class=math #args=1): Complementary error function.

(class=math #args=1): Exponential function e**x.

(class=math #args=1): e**x - 1.

(class=math #args=1): Floor: nearest integer at or below.

(class=math #args=1): Inverse of normal cumulative distribution
function. Note that invqorm(urand()) is normally distributed.

(class=math #args=1): Natural (base-e) logarithm.

(class=math #args=1): Base-10 logarithm.

(class=math #args=1): log(1-x).

(class=math #args=3): Given m and b from logistic regression, compute
fit: $yhat=logifit($x,$m,$b).

(class=math #args=3): a + b mod m (integers)

(class=math variadic): max of n numbers; null loses

(class=math #args=3): a ** b mod m (integers)

(class=math variadic): Min of n numbers; null loses

(class=math #args=3): a * b mod m (integers)

(class=math #args=3): a - b mod m (integers)

(class=math #args=2): Exponentiation; same as **.

(class=math #args=1): Normal cumulative distribution function.

(class=math #args=1): Round to nearest integer.

(class=math #args=2): Round to nearest multiple of m: roundm($x,$m) is
the same as round($x/$m)*$m

(class=math #args=1): +1 for positive input, 0 for zero input, -1 for
negative input.

(class=math #args=1): Trigonometric sine.

(class=math #args=1): Hyperbolic sine.

(class=math #args=1): Square root.

(class=math #args=1): Trigonometric tangent.

(class=math #args=1): Hyperbolic tangent.

(class=math #args=0): Floating-point numbers uniformly distributed on the unit interval.
Int-valued example: '$n=floor(20+urand()*11)'.

(class=math #args=2): Floating-point numbers uniformly distributed on the interval [a, b).

(class=math #args=0): Integer uniformly distributed 0 and 2**32-1
inclusive.

(class=math #args=2): Integer uniformly distributed between inclusive
integer endpoints.

(class=time #args=1): Recovers floating-point seconds as in
dhms2fsec("5d18h53m20.250000s") = 500000.250000

(class=time #args=1): Recovers integer seconds as in
dhms2sec("5d18h53m20s") = 500000

(class=time #args=1): Formats floating-point seconds as in
fsec2dhms(500000.25) = "5d18h53m20.250000s"

(class=time #args=1): Formats floating-point seconds as in
fsec2hms(5000.25) = "01:23:20.250000"

(class=time #args=1): Parses GMT timestamp as integer seconds since
the epoch.

(class=time #args=1): Parses local timestamp as integer seconds since
the epoch. Consults $TZ environment variable.

(class=time #args=1): Recovers floating-point seconds as in
hms2fsec("01:23:20.250000") = 5000.250000

(class=time #args=1): Recovers integer seconds as in
hms2sec("01:23:20") = 5000

(class=time #args=1): Formats integer seconds as in sec2dhms(500000)
= "5d18h53m20s"

(class=time #args=1): Formats seconds since epoch (integer part)
as GMT timestamp, e.g. sec2gmt(1440768801.7) = "2015-08-28T13:33:21Z".
Leaves non-numbers as-is.
sec2gmt (class=time #args=2): Formats seconds since epoch as GMT timestamp with n
decimal places for seconds, e.g. sec2gmt(1440768801.7,1) = "2015-08-28T13:33:21.7Z".
Leaves non-numbers as-is.

(class=time #args=1): Formats seconds since epoch (integer part)
as GMT timestamp with year-month-date, e.g. sec2gmtdate(1440768801.7) = "2015-08-28".
Leaves non-numbers as-is.

(class=time #args=1): Formats seconds since epoch (integer part)
as local timestamp, e.g. sec2localtime(1440768801.7) = "2015-08-28T13:33:21Z".
Consults $TZ environment variable. Leaves non-numbers as-is.
sec2localtime (class=time #args=2): Formats seconds since epoch as local timestamp with n
decimal places for seconds, e.g. sec2localtime(1440768801.7,1) = "2015-08-28T13:33:21.7Z".
Consults $TZ environment variable. Leaves non-numbers as-is.

(class=time #args=1): Formats seconds since epoch (integer part)
as local timestamp with year-month-date, e.g. sec2localdate(1440768801.7) = "2015-08-28".
Consults $TZ environment variable. Leaves non-numbers as-is.

(class=time #args=1): Formats integer seconds as in
sec2hms(5000) = "01:23:20"

(class=time #args=2): Formats seconds since the epoch as timestamp, e.g.
strftime(1440768801.7,"%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ") = "2015-08-28T13:33:21Z", and
strftime(1440768801.7,"%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%3SZ") = "2015-08-28T13:33:21.700Z".
Format strings are as in the C library (please see "man strftime" on your system),
with the Miller-specific addition of "%1S" through "%9S" which format the seconds
with 1 through 9 decimal places, respectively. ("%S" uses no decimal places.)
See also strftime_local.

(class=time #args=2): Like strftime but consults the $TZ environment variable to get local time zone.

(class=time #args=2): Parses timestamp as floating-point seconds since the epoch,
e.g. strptime("2015-08-28T13:33:21Z","%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ") = 1440768801.000000,
and  strptime("2015-08-28T13:33:21.345Z","%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ") = 1440768801.345000.
See also strptime_local.

(class=time #args=2): Like strptime, but consults $TZ environment variable to find and use local timezone.

(class=time #args=0): Floating-point seconds since the epoch,
e.g. 1440768801.748936.

(class=typing #args=1): False if field is present in input, true otherwise

(class=typing #args=1): True if field is present with boolean value. Synonymous with is_boolean.

(class=typing #args=1): True if field is present with boolean value. Synonymous with is_bool.

(class=typing #args=1): True if field is present in input with empty string value, false otherwise.

(class=typing #args=1): True if argument is a map which is empty.

(class=typing #args=1): True if field is present with value inferred to be float

(class=typing #args=1): True if field is present with value inferred to be int

(class=typing #args=1): True if argument is a map.

(class=typing #args=1): True if argument is a map which is non-empty.

(class=typing #args=1): False if field is present in input with empty value, true otherwise

(class=typing #args=1): True if argument is not a map.

(class=typing #args=1): False if argument is null (empty or absent), true otherwise.

(class=typing #args=1): True if argument is null (empty or absent), false otherwise.

(class=typing #args=1): True if field is present with value inferred to be int or float

(class=typing #args=1): True if field is present in input, false otherwise.

(class=typing #args=1): True if field is present with string (including empty-string) value

(class=typing #args=1): Returns argument if it is absent in the input data, else
throws an error.

(class=typing #args=1): Returns argument if it is present with boolean value, else
throws an error.

(class=typing #args=1): Returns argument if it is present with boolean value, else
throws an error.

(class=typing #args=1): Returns argument if it is present in input with empty value,
else throws an error.

(class=typing #args=1): Returns argument if it is a map with empty value, else
throws an error.

(class=typing #args=1): Returns argument if it is present with float value, else
throws an error.

(class=typing #args=1): Returns argument if it is present with int value, else
throws an error.

(class=typing #args=1): Returns argument if it is a map, else throws an error.

(class=typing #args=1): Returns argument if it is a non-empty map, else throws
an error.

(class=typing #args=1): Returns argument if it is present in input with non-empty
value, else throws an error.

(class=typing #args=1): Returns argument if it is not a map, else throws an error.

(class=typing #args=1): Returns argument if it is non-null (non-empty and non-absent),
else throws an error.

(class=typing #args=1): Returns argument if it is null (empty or absent), else throws
an error.

(class=typing #args=1): Returns argument if it is present with int or float value,
else throws an error.

(class=typing #args=1): Returns argument if it is present in input, else throws
an error.

(class=typing #args=1): Returns argument if it is present with string (including
empty-string) value, else throws an error.

(class=conversion #args=1): Convert int/float/bool/string to boolean.

(class=conversion #args=1): Convert int/float/bool/string to float.

(class=conversion #args=2): Convert int/float/bool to string using
printf-style format string, e.g. '$s = fmtnum($n, "%06lld")'. WARNING: Miller numbers
are all long long or double. If you use formats like %d or %f, behavior is undefined.

(class=conversion #args=1): Convert int to string, e.g. 255 to "0xff".

(class=conversion #args=1): Convert int/float/bool/string to int.

(class=conversion #args=1): Convert int/float/bool/string to string.

(class=conversion #args=1): Convert argument to type of argument (e.g.
MT_STRING). For debug.

(class=maps #args=1): Prints maximum depth of hashmap: ''. Scalars have depth 0.

(class=maps #args=2): True/false if map has/hasn't key, e.g. 'haskey($*, "a")' or
’haskey(mymap, mykey)'. Error if 1st argument is not a map.

(class=maps #args=2): Makes string from map keys. E.g. 'joink($*, ",")'.

(class=maps #args=3): Makes string from map key-value pairs. E.g. 'joinkv(@v[2], "=", ",")'

(class=maps #args=2): Makes string from map values. E.g. 'joinv(mymap, ",")'.

(class=maps #args=1): Counts total number of terminal values in hashmap. For single-level maps,
same as length.

(class=maps #args=1): Counts number of top-level entries in hashmap. Scalars have length 1.

(class=maps variadic): With 0 args, returns empty map. With 1 arg, returns copy of arg.
With 2 or more, returns copy of arg 1 with all keys from any of remaining argument maps removed.

(class=maps variadic): Returns a map with keys from remaining arguments, if any, unset.
E.g. 'mapexcept({1:2,3:4,5:6}, 1, 5, 7)' is '{3:4}'.

(class=maps variadic): Returns a map with only keys from remaining arguments set.
E.g. 'mapselect({1:2,3:4,5:6}, 1, 5, 7)' is '{1:2,5:6}'.

(class=maps variadic): With 0 args, returns empty map. With >= 1 arg, returns a map with
key-value pairs from all arguments. Rightmost collisions win, e.g. 'mapsum({1:2,3:4},{1:5})' is '{1:5,3:4}'.

(class=maps #args=3): Splits string by separators into map with type inference.
E.g. 'splitkv("a=1,b=2,c=3", "=", ",")' gives '{"a" : 1, "b" : 2, "c" : 3}'.

(class=maps #args=3): Splits string by separators into map without type inference (keys and
values are strings). E.g. 'splitkv("a=1,b=2,c=3", "=", ",")' gives
’{"a" : "1", "b" : "2", "c" : "3"}'.

(class=maps #args=2): Splits string by separator into integer-indexed map with type inference.
E.g. 'splitnv("a,b,c" , ",")' gives '{1 : "a", 2 : "b", 3 : "c"}'.

(class=maps #args=2): Splits string by separator into integer-indexed map without type
inference (values are strings). E.g. 'splitnv("4,5,6" , ",")' gives '{1 : "4", 2 : "5", 3 : "6"}'.

all: used in "emit", "emitp", and "unset" as a synonym for @*

begin: defines a block of statements to be executed before input records
are ingested. The body statements must be wrapped in curly braces.
Example: 'begin { @count = 0 }'

bool: declares a boolean local variable in the current curly-braced scope.
Type-checking happens at assignment: 'bool b = 1' is an error.

break: causes execution to continue after the body of the current
for/while/do-while loop.

call: used for invoking a user-defined subroutine.
Example: 'subr s(k,v) { print k . " is " . v} call s("a", $a)'

continue: causes execution to skip the remaining statements in the body of
the current for/while/do-while loop. For-loop increments are still applied.

do: with "while", introduces a do-while loop. The body statements must be wrapped
in curly braces.

dump: prints all currently defined out-of-stream variables immediately
  to stdout as JSON.
  With >, >>, or |, the data do not become part of the output record stream but
  are instead redirected.
  The > and >> are for write and append, as in the shell, but (as with awk) the
  file-overwrite for > is on first write, not per record. The | is for piping to
  a process which will process the data. There will be one open file for each
  distinct file name (for > and >>) or one subordinate process for each distinct
  value of the piped-to command (for |). Output-formatting flags are taken from
  the main command line.
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put -q '@v[NR]=$*; end { dump }'
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put -q '@v[NR]=$*; end { dump >  "mytap.dat"}'
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put -q '@v[NR]=$*; end { dump >> "mytap.dat"}'
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put -q '@v[NR]=$*; end { dump | "jq .[]"}'

edump: prints all currently defined out-of-stream variables immediately
  to stderr as JSON.
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put -q '@v[NR]=$*; end { edump }'

elif: the way Miller spells "else if". The body statements must be wrapped
in curly braces.

else: terminates an if/elif/elif chain. The body statements must be wrapped
in curly braces.

emit: inserts an out-of-stream variable into the output record stream. Hashmap
  indices present in the data but not slotted by emit arguments are not output.
  With >, >>, or |, the data do not become part of the output record stream but
  are instead redirected.
  The > and >> are for write and append, as in the shell, but (as with awk) the
  file-overwrite for > is on first write, not per record. The | is for piping to
  a process which will process the data. There will be one open file for each
  distinct file name (for > and >>) or one subordinate process for each distinct
  value of the piped-to command (for |). Output-formatting flags are taken from
  the main command line.
  You can use any of the output-format command-line flags, e.g. --ocsv, --ofs,
  etc., to control the format of the output if the output is redirected. See also mlr -h.
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put 'emit >  "/tmp/data-".$a, $*'
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put 'emit >  "/tmp/data-".$a, mapexcept($*, "a")'
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put '@sums[$a][$b]+=$x; emit @sums'
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put --ojson '@sums[$a][$b]+=$x; emit > "tap-".$a.$b.".dat", @sums'
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put '@sums[$a][$b]+=$x; emit @sums, "index1", "index2"'
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put '@sums[$a][$b]+=$x; emit @*, "index1", "index2"'
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put '@sums[$a][$b]+=$x; emit >  "mytap.dat", @*, "index1", "index2"'
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put '@sums[$a][$b]+=$x; emit >> "mytap.dat", @*, "index1", "index2"'
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put '@sums[$a][$b]+=$x; emit | "gzip > mytap.dat.gz", @*, "index1", "index2"'
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put '@sums[$a][$b]+=$x; emit > stderr, @*, "index1", "index2"'
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put '@sums[$a][$b]+=$x; emit | "grep somepattern", @*, "index1", "index2"'
  Please see http://johnkerl.org/miller/doc for more information.

emitf: inserts non-indexed out-of-stream variable(s) side-by-side into the
  output record stream.
  With >, >>, or |, the data do not become part of the output record stream but
  are instead redirected.
  The > and >> are for write and append, as in the shell, but (as with awk) the
  file-overwrite for > is on first write, not per record. The | is for piping to
  a process which will process the data. There will be one open file for each
  distinct file name (for > and >>) or one subordinate process for each distinct
  value of the piped-to command (for |). Output-formatting flags are taken from
  the main command line.
  You can use any of the output-format command-line flags, e.g. --ocsv, --ofs,
  etc., to control the format of the output if the output is redirected. See also mlr -h.
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put '@a=$i;@b+=$x;@c+=$y; emitf @a'
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put --oxtab '@a=$i;@b+=$x;@c+=$y; emitf > "tap-".$i.".dat", @a'
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put '@a=$i;@b+=$x;@c+=$y; emitf @a, @b, @c'
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put '@a=$i;@b+=$x;@c+=$y; emitf > "mytap.dat", @a, @b, @c'
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put '@a=$i;@b+=$x;@c+=$y; emitf >> "mytap.dat", @a, @b, @c'
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put '@a=$i;@b+=$x;@c+=$y; emitf > stderr, @a, @b, @c'
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put '@a=$i;@b+=$x;@c+=$y; emitf | "grep somepattern", @a, @b, @c'
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put '@a=$i;@b+=$x;@c+=$y; emitf | "grep somepattern > mytap.dat", @a, @b, @c'
  Please see http://johnkerl.org/miller/doc for more information.

emitp: inserts an out-of-stream variable into the output record stream.
  Hashmap indices present in the data but not slotted by emitp arguments are
  output concatenated with ":".
  With >, >>, or |, the data do not become part of the output record stream but
  are instead redirected.
  The > and >> are for write and append, as in the shell, but (as with awk) the
  file-overwrite for > is on first write, not per record. The | is for piping to
  a process which will process the data. There will be one open file for each
  distinct file name (for > and >>) or one subordinate process for each distinct
  value of the piped-to command (for |). Output-formatting flags are taken from
  the main command line.
  You can use any of the output-format command-line flags, e.g. --ocsv, --ofs,
  etc., to control the format of the output if the output is redirected. See also mlr -h.
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put '@sums[$a][$b]+=$x; emitp @sums'
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put --opprint '@sums[$a][$b]+=$x; emitp > "tap-".$a.$b.".dat", @sums'
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put '@sums[$a][$b]+=$x; emitp @sums, "index1", "index2"'
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put '@sums[$a][$b]+=$x; emitp @*, "index1", "index2"'
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put '@sums[$a][$b]+=$x; emitp >  "mytap.dat", @*, "index1", "index2"'
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put '@sums[$a][$b]+=$x; emitp >> "mytap.dat", @*, "index1", "index2"'
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put '@sums[$a][$b]+=$x; emitp | "gzip > mytap.dat.gz", @*, "index1", "index2"'
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put '@sums[$a][$b]+=$x; emitp > stderr, @*, "index1", "index2"'
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put '@sums[$a][$b]+=$x; emitp | "grep somepattern", @*, "index1", "index2"'
  Please see http://johnkerl.org/miller/doc for more information.

end: defines a block of statements to be executed after input records
are ingested. The body statements must be wrapped in curly braces.
Example: 'end { emit @count }'
Example: 'end { eprint "Final count is " . @count }'

eprint: prints expression immediately to stderr.
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put -q 'eprint "The sum of x and y is ".($x+$y)'
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put -q 'for (k, v in $*) { eprint k . " => " . v }'
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put  '(NR % 1000 == 0) { eprint "Checkpoint ".NR}'

eprintn: prints expression immediately to stderr, without trailing newline.
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put -q 'eprintn "The sum of x and y is ".($x+$y); eprint ""'

false: the boolean literal value.

filter: includes/excludes the record in the output record stream.
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put 'filter (NR == 2 || $x > 5.4)'
  Instead of put with 'filter false' you can simply use put -q.  The following
  uses the input record to accumulate data but only prints the running sum
  without printing the input record:
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put -q '@running_sum += $x * $y; emit @running_sum'

float: declares a floating-point local variable in the current curly-braced scope.
Type-checking happens at assignment: 'float x = 0' is an error.

for: defines a for-loop using one of three styles. The body statements must
be wrapped in curly braces.
For-loop over stream record:
  Example:  'for (k, v in $*) { ... }'
For-loop over out-of-stream variables:
  Example: 'for (k, v in @counts) { ... }'
  Example: 'for ((k1, k2), v in @counts) { ... }'
  Example: 'for ((k1, k2, k3), v in @*) { ... }'
C-style for-loop:
  Example:  'for (var i = 0, var b = 1; i < 10; i += 1, b *= 2) { ... }'

func: used for defining a user-defined function.
Example: 'func f(a,b) { return sqrt(a**2+b**2)} $d = f($x, $y)'

if: starts an if/elif/elif chain. The body statements must be wrapped
in curly braces.

in: used in for-loops over stream records or out-of-stream variables.

int: declares an integer local variable in the current curly-braced scope.
Type-checking happens at assignment: 'int x = 0.0' is an error.

map: declares an map-valued local variable in the current curly-braced scope.
Type-checking happens at assignment: 'map b = 0' is an error. map b = {} is
always OK. map b = a is OK or not depending on whether a is a map.

num: declares an int/float local variable in the current curly-braced scope.
Type-checking happens at assignment: 'num b = true' is an error.

print: prints expression immediately to stdout.
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put -q 'print "The sum of x and y is ".($x+$y)'
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put -q 'for (k, v in $*) { print k . " => " . v }'
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put  '(NR % 1000 == 0) { print > stderr, "Checkpoint ".NR}'

printn: prints expression immediately to stdout, without trailing newline.
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put -q 'printn "."; end { print "" }'

return: specifies the return value from a user-defined function.
Omitted return statements (including via if-branches) result in an absent-null
return value, which in turns results in a skipped assignment to an LHS.

stderr: Used for tee, emit, emitf, emitp, print, and dump in place of filename
  to print to standard error.

stdout: Used for tee, emit, emitf, emitp, print, and dump in place of filename
  to print to standard output.

str: declares a string local variable in the current curly-braced scope.
Type-checking happens at assignment.

subr: used for defining a subroutine.
Example: 'subr s(k,v) { print k . " is " . v} call s("a", $a)'

tee: prints the current record to specified file.
  This is an immediate print to the specified file (except for pprint format
  which of course waits until the end of the input stream to format all output).
  The > and >> are for write and append, as in the shell, but (as with awk) the
  file-overwrite for > is on first write, not per record. The | is for piping to
  a process which will process the data. There will be one open file for each
  distinct file name (for > and >>) or one subordinate process for each distinct
  value of the piped-to command (for |). Output-formatting flags are taken from
  the main command line.
  You can use any of the output-format command-line flags, e.g. --ocsv, --ofs,
  etc., to control the format of the output. See also mlr -h.
  emit with redirect and tee with redirect are identical, except tee can only
  output $*.
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put 'tee >  "/tmp/data-".$a, $*'
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put 'tee >> "/tmp/data-".$a.$b, $*'
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put 'tee >  stderr, $*'
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put -q 'tee | "tr [a-z\] [A-Z\]", $*'
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put -q 'tee | "tr [a-z\] [A-Z\] > /tmp/data-".$a, $*'
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put -q 'tee | "gzip > /tmp/data-".$a.".gz", $*'
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put -q --ojson 'tee | "gzip > /tmp/data-".$a.".gz", $*'

true: the boolean literal value.

unset: clears field(s) from the current record, or an out-of-stream or local variable.
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put 'unset $x'
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put 'unset $*'
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put 'for (k, v in $*) { if (k =~ "a.*") { unset $[k] } }'
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put '...; unset @sums'
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put '...; unset @sums["green"]'
  Example: mlr --from f.dat put '...; unset @*'

var: declares an untyped local variable in the current curly-braced scope.
Examples: 'var a=1', 'var xyz=""'

while: introduces a while loop, or with "do", introduces a do-while loop.
The body statements must be wrapped in curly braces.

ENV: access to environment variables by name, e.g. '$home = ENV["HOME"]'

FILENAME: evaluates to the name of the current file being processed.

FILENUM: evaluates to the number of the current file being processed,
starting with 1.

FNR: evaluates to the number of the current record within the current file
being processed, starting with 1. Resets at the start of each file.

IFS: evaluates to the input field separator from the command line.

IPS: evaluates to the input pair separator from the command line.

IRS: evaluates to the input record separator from the command line,
or to LF or CRLF from the input data if in autodetect mode (which is
the default).

M_E: the mathematical constant e.

M_PI: the mathematical constant pi.

NF: evaluates to the number of fields in the current record.

NR: evaluates to the number of the current record over all files
being processed, starting with 1. Does not reset at the start of each file.

OFS: evaluates to the output field separator from the command line.

OPS: evaluates to the output pair separator from the command line.

ORS: evaluates to the output record separator from the command line,
or to LF or CRLF from the input data if in autodetect mode (which is
the default).